Massachusetts figure, $4.83, to the fact that, as Senator Aiken pointed out, many of the textbooks used in public schools are printed in Massachusetts?

Mr. RUDISILL. I do not know what the difference is and you notice that we said, "excluding the manufacture of books;" that industry is not included in the figures that we are presenting.

the

Senator AIKEN. The Chair thinks it would be a safe conclusion to draw that the more people that can read and the better read, more books they will buy.

Mr. RUDISILL. That is it exactly, and if I recollect correctly, in some other countries of the world, they have concentrated on educating their population so that the purchase of books and magazines has increased very drastically. In fact, some will go so far as to say that our present shortage of newsprint and pulp in this country is due to the fact that certain foreign countries that used to export pulp to the United States are now consuming it at home. I do not vouch for the accuracy of that statement but, on the other hand, I do not question it.

Senator ELLENDER. There is no doubt about it that the more people you have educated in the States the more books you sell, as well as magazines and so forth.

Now, there is not much difference between the figures on a per capita income basis of, let us say, Arizona and Alabama, and yet in Alabama where you have a per capita income of $575 and expenditure for education per pupil of only $35, the expenditure for printing per capita is $3.81. Alabama is supposed to be a very poor State. Its expenditure for education is only $35. It is way down at the bottom insofar as the number of people who are able to read and write are concerned, and yet the expenditure for printing, per capita, is $3.81. Can you explain that figure?

Mr. RUDISILL. I might just suggest that they are probably just a little more highly educated in one State than another.

Senator ELLENDER. I would not think it is, on an average, more highly educated than Mississippi, as far as that goes, or Arkansas, and yet the amount of expenditure in Mississippi is 45 cents and in Arkansas it is 90 cents. How do you reach the figure of $3.81 for Alabama, I would like to know?

Mr. RUDISILL. That is just the fact, on the basis of the survey made. Senator ELLENDER. It cannot be on the basis of the number of books sold to educate people. There must be some other factor in there that would not apply to Arkansas and Mississippi.

Mr. RUDISILL. We cover some of this in just a minute.

Senator AIKEN. Proceed. Possibly you will answer that question. Mr. RUDISILL. It is evident that it is not from lack of interest and effort that some States are failing to provide adequate educational opportunities, but rather because they do not have the means.

It seems to us that it is the responsibility of the entire Nation to raise educational levels. The whole Nation will benefit if educational levels are raised anywhere in the Nation.

I should like to cite one more set of figures from a 1946 study made by the Book Manufacturers Institute. They show that education is a much more important factor influencing readership than income. Formal education is the underlying determinant in book reading. The higher the education, the greater the frequency with which books are read.

Seventy-one percent of the active readers, those who had read a book within the preceding month, are college-educated. Fifty-one percent are high-school educated. Twenty-one percent have only a grade-school education.

Of the nonreaders, 10 percent are college-educated, 25 percent are high-school educated, and 56 percent, grade-school educated.

At this point another table, a supplementary table is made available for the record.

Senator AIKEN. It will be included with your remarks, Mr. Rudisill. Mr. RUDISILL. We believe people should read more; the people should have the cultural advantages which our industry makes available and we have no apologies to make because of our self-interest. We think it is the self-interest which inevitably aids the Nation as well as ourselves.

No other major industry in the United States has invested so directly or so heavily in education and I might add, so profitably, as the printing industry. As early as 1911 the association which I am representing here, appointed a committee on education which has been continuously at work and on which several hundred thousands of dollars of association funds have been spent. The emphasis of our group has necessarily been on vocational education, but we have not failed to realize the necessity for general education as a basis for vocational education and as a basis for the expansion of our industry.

The trade schools established or encouraged by the printing industry-and there are more than 3,500 where some form of printing is taught have pioneered in educational methods for vocational training. Our industry introduced a system of on-the-job training combined with formal education which has come to be an accepted pattern by leaders in vocational training.

The schooling and training of each apprentice in the commercial printing industry costs the printing plant owner approximately $1,000. This is a large investment, much more than many States pay for public education per pupil. Yet we believe it has been a good investment.

Last week I attended a board of directors' meeting of Printing Industry of America where the education committee was authorized to proceed with the sale and production of a new series of textbooks which will cost $100.000.

With this history as an industry, it is not suprising that we have strong interest in the measures now before this committee. We recognize that all of the sales promotion campaigns we could carry on would not begin to bring the results of a movement which could raise educational standards by 1 or 2 years. If such a minimum increase in the educational level were obtained, we would feel the direct effects quickly.

Our interest is heightened by the fact that the schools of America are facing a crisis. We believe that Federal aid is desirable. Of course we would prefer it if the States could make adequate expenditures on their own. But if the States cannot accept responsibility, or will not, it is the obligation of the Federal Government, on behalf of the entire Nation, to accept the responsibility.

This committee is now considering S.472 which the printing industry of America favors. Because of the justifiable sensitivity of our members toward Federal interference, we favor this bill which

specifically provides that Federal grants to the States shall not entail Federal supervision or control over State educational institutions. Senator AIKEN. Are there any questions?

Senator DONNELL. A few questions, please.

Mr. Rudisill, I understand from your testimony that you are representing the Printing Industries of America, Inc.

Mr. RUDISILL. Yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. How large a membership does that organization have?

Mr. RUDISILL. About 3,500 members.

Senator DONNELL. Do schoolbook companies compose a portion of the membership in that organization?

Mr. RUDISILL. There may be some members, but on the whole it is representative more of the commercial printer.

Senator DONNELL. I observe in your testimony reference to authority given by the board of directors last week for production of a new series of textbooks. What type of textbook is that?

Mr. RUDISILL. There are three types: One type is for management, one type is for apprentice training, and another type is for office accounting training.

Senator DONNELL. It is not a series of textbooks to be used in the public schools?

Mr. RUDISILL. Eventually, they will go to these vocational schools for use, yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. Now your organization you say contains 3,200 members?

Mr. RUDISILL. 3,500.

Senator DONNELL. Has there been any referendum taken in this association with respect to S. 472?

Mr. RUDISILL. At the board of directors' meeting, which is representative of members all over the country, and what I am stating here is the result of that discussion.

Senator DONNELL. Was there a copy of that bill presented at the board of directors' meeting?

Mr. RUDISILL. There were copies present.

Senator DONNELL. Has there, however, been a referendum taken of the entire membership?

Mr. RUDISILL. No, sir.

Senator DONNELL. The expression you are giving today is the result of the board of directors' meeting and you are authorized by the board of directors to give this?

Mr. RUDISILL. That is correct.

Senator DONNELL. How large is the membership of the board of directors, Mr. Rudisill?

Mr. RUDISILL. There were about 70 members present.

Senator DONNELL, Distributed well all over the United States?
Mr. RUPISILL. Throughout the Nation.

Senator DONNELL. Did the board pass any resolution with respect to S. 4722

Mr. RUDISILL. The board did not pass a specific resolution, but on discussion I was authorized to come and represent it as we have done here.

Senator DONNELL. Did the board pass any opinion upon the matter of the permissible use of funds in S. 472, the use of public funds for nonpublic educational institutions?

Mr. RUDISILL. No.

Senator DONNELL. That particular phase was not discussed?
Mr. RUDISILL. No, sir.

Senator DONNELL. And are you today expressing any opinion, one way or the other, as to the advisability of the use of Federal funds for non-public-educational institutions?"

Mr. RUDISILL. No, sir; it would be only as an individual, if I would. Senator DONNELL. Now on behalf of your organization you are not expressing any views on that phase of S. 472?

Mr. RUDISILL. No, sir.

Senator DONNELL. And you are aware that S. 472 does contain a provision authorizing the use of Federal funds for non-public-educational institutions?

Mr. RUDISILL. Yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. Now, Mr. Rudisill, you refer quite frankly to the self-interest of your organization and you say that you have no apologies to make because of your self-interest. I think it is very commendable that you have indicated the self-interest. I take it that the commercial printers do have a large interest in the development of public education because it does increase the amount of printing. That is correct, is it not?

Mr. RUDISILL. That is correct. That is exactly right.

Senator DONNELL. And that is one of the explanations for the fact that your association from as early as 1911 has expended several hundred thousands of dollars of association funds toward the development of public education?

Mr. RUDISILL. To help that; yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. I am not indicating at all that you do not have the broader aspect in mind, too, but you likewise, as you have indicated herein your own language, have a self-interest at stake; that is correct, is it not?

Mr. RUDISILL. That is right.

Senator DONNELL. I have no further questions.
Senator AIKEN. Are there any other questions?

Thank you, Mr. Rudisill.

The tables you have submitted for inclusion in the record will be inserted at this point.

(The tables referred to are as follows.)

Printing expenditures and expenditures for education in relation to per capita income,

Education is a much more important factor influencing readership of books than income.

Eastern and far Western States have appreciably more active readers proportionately than the Midwestern or Southern States.

Purchase of books. In proportion to the amount of reading done, the lowerincome groups purchase books just as often as the high-income groups.

From Books and People, a Study of the Reading and Book buying Habits, published by the Book Manufacturers Institute, 1916, based on a survey of 4,000 personal interviews in 106 cities and towns- a repre sentative cross section of urban and small-town population.

Senator AIKEN. We call as the next witness Mr. Benjamin C. Marsh, executive secretary, the People's Lobby, Washington, D. C. Mr. Marsh is not entirely a stranger on the Hill.

STATEMENT OF BENJAMIN C. MARSH, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, THE PEOPLE'S LOBBY

Mr. MARSH. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee: I trust the fact that the chairman has adverted to, that I am not entirely a stranger up on the Hill will not make the committee give any less consideration to the recommendations that we make. I am always brief and I am going to be brief this morning.

May I for the record also state that the People's Lobby is one of the organizations which does not claim a million members.

Senator DONNELL. How many members does it have?

Mr. MARSH. Only about 4,000 members who are paid up. Senator DONNELL. Scattered over the United States or locally? Mr. MARSH. They are in 34 or 35 different States; there are only a few in most States. But I would like to point out that one reason