Circular of the National Bureau of Standards, Issue 440

United States. National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942

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Methods for the preparation of certain sugar derivativesCon	1

Nature of polarized light	2

Composition of rectilinear oscillations having different	8

Rotation of the plane of polarizationphotogyric	16

c Methods of locating the plane of polarization	24

References	32

Measurement of rotation in circular degreesContinued	33

Quartz control platesContinued	47

Mercaptals	521

Reduction products	530

Crystal forms of class 4	534

Crystal forms of sucrose	535

Refractive index of crystalline sucrose	536

Crystal forms of dextrose monohydrate	540

Crystallography of the sugarsContinued Page	541

Angular values between faces of levulose crystals	543

32	52

ColorimetryContinued	53

c Specifications of the International Commission	61

2 Planeness and parallelism of the faces	62

f Specific rotation of sucrose	82

Certification of quartz control plates	91

Accessory apparatus_	102

g Rotation of sugar mixtures and the evaluation	111

RAW AND REFINED SUGARS AND SUGAR PRODUCTS	115

5 Measurement of rotation_	134

f Effect of various reagents on the rotation	137

j Creydt raffinose formula__	143

Comparison of sucrose found by four Clerget methods	146

b Purification of invertase by adsorption_	151

References	160

Chemical methods for the determination of reducing sugarsCon	165

Light sources for circularscale polariscopes	171

Factors for calculating invert sugar from copper oxide	177

Comparison of methods for determining reduced copper_	178

Factors for calculatng glucose by the Scales method_	190

Relative molecular reducing power modified Scales method _ _	191

2 Method for making sugar determina	192

Colorimetric and visual methods	199

Standards for use with the de Whalley method	201

Determination of monose sugar in condensed milk	208

References_	212

Rotatory power of commercial glucose	217

Constants applicable to the Browne method of analysis of sugar mixtures	223

Zerban analyses of dextrose and levulose in raw cane sugar	227

Analysis of special products	232

Volume of milk corresponding to lactose doublenormal weight	241

Refractometry	254

Refractive indices corresponding to the scale divisions of the original	259

Zeiss immersion refractometer	260

Specific conductance at 1000 cycles of potassium chloride solutions__	272

Measurement of hydrogenion concentration_	279

Arbitrarily standardized values for halfcells	284

Clark and Lubs buffer mixtures 20C	295

Indicators of Clark and Lubs	297

pH values corresponding to various drop ratios	298

Colorimetry	300

Spectral filters for 560 μ	314

Mercuryarc spectral filters	324

c Preparation and filtration of the solution with	326

Computation of data for the isotherm in figures 78 and 79	336

Zerban and Sattler table for finding C and ƒ C fromlog T and R	347

Values of k and ƒk for plane parallel cells of various thicknesses Landt and Witte	349

Viscosity of sugar solutions_	350

Boiling points of sucrose solutionsContinued Page	368

Time required at various temperatures to form caramel equivalent to 0 01 percent of invert sugar_	398

Hydrolysis of plant juices	400

Quantitative data on calcium levulate precipitation	402

Recrystallization of levulose from alcoholic solution_	405

Purity	406

Crystal size as related to sieve mesh	408

Volume of sucrose crystals and of interstitial voids as related to sieve mesh size	409

Optical activity configuration and structure in the sugar group__	411

Optical rotation and configuration for the pyranose sugars	429

Differences in molecular rotation principle of optical superposition	430

Sum of the molecular rotations 2B for some alpha and beta derivatives of dglucose	433

Molecular rotation of substances of like configuration of the pyranose ring	434

Molecular rotation of the aldonic acids and related products	435

Rates of oxidation of alpha and beta sugars_	436

Mutarotation of adgalactose	445

Equilibrium constants calculated from opticalrotation measurements assuming that only two isomers are present in dynamic equilibrium	447

Thermal mutarotation for sugars exhibiting complex mutarotation	450

Oxidation of sugar solutions at 0 C with bromine water in the presence of barium carbonate	455

adGulose CaCl2 H2O	465

Melezitose dglucosidosucrose	472

Turanose 3adglucopyranosidodfructose	480

Methods for the preparation of certain sugar derivativesCon	482

Methods for the preparation of certain sugar derivativesCon	489

b Preparation of chloroderivatives	499

2 Conversion of octaacetyllactose	502

1 Gravimetric method	509

Crystal forms of anhydrous dextrose_	546

GENERAL INFORMATION	551

Appendix 1 Tables 73 to 150___	562

Specific rotation of certain sugars at various concentrations	563

Reducingsugar values by the Munson and Walker method	564

Allihn table for the determination of dextrose	584

Calculation of dextrose levulose invert sugar lactose and maltose Quisumbing and Thomas copper equivalents	586

Bertrand table for reducing sugars	587

Herzfeld table for determining invert sugar in raw sugars invert sugar not to exceed 1 5 percent	588

Determination of invert sugar by Vondraks modification of the Herzfeld method	589

Factors for 10 ml of Soxhlet solution to be used in connection with the Lane and Eynon general volumetric method	590

Factors for 25 ml of Soxhlet solution to be used in connection with the Lane and Eynon general volumetric method	591

Burette readings for solutions containing 25 g of sugar sample plus 0 1 g of added invert sugar per 100 ml	592

Corrections in milliliters to be added to burette readings in the titration of lactose solutions containing three or six times as much sucrose as lactose	593

Factors for the Lane and Eynon volumetric method for mixtures of dextrose and levulose	594

Zerban and Wiley factors for mixtures of dextrose and levulose Lane and Eynon method	596

Milligrams of dextrose and levulose corresponding to milligrams of cupric oxide or copper and reduction ratio a according to Erb and Zerban for va...	597

Ratio of levulose to total sugar from the Lane and Eynon titration and Nyns apparent levulose	599

Ratio of levulose to total sugar from the Lane and Eynon titration and the polarization by the Mathews formula	601

Schoorl method for the determination of reducing sugar in cane molasses_	602

Somogyi dextrosethiosulfate equivalents	603

Hagedorn and Jensen dextrose equivalents	604

Pot method of Main for invert sugar	605

Pot method of Main for small quantities of invert sugar_	606

Sichert and Bleyer modification of the Barfoed copper acetate method for hexoses	607

van der Haar mucicacid equivalents of galactose	608

Steinhoff table for estimation of dextrose maltose and dextrin	609

Kröber table for the determination of pentoses and pentosans	610

Apparent weight of water in air	612

Reduction of weighings to vacuo	613

Degrees Brix specific gravity and degrees Baumé of sugar solutions	614

Temperature corrections to readings of Brix hydrometers standard at 20 C	624

Temperature corrections to readings of Baumé hydrometers National Bureau of Standards Baumé scale for sugar solutions standard at 20 C	625

Density of solutions of cane sugar at 20 C	626

Brix apparent density apparent specific gravity and grams of sucrose per 100 ml of sugar solutions	632

Increase in volume when sucrose is dissolved in water at 20 C g100 ml	642

Increase in volume when sucrose is dissolved in water at 20 C pounds avoirdupois per gallon	643

Weight per United States gallon and weight per cubic foot of sugar sucrose solutions at 20 C	644

Weight per United States gallon of sugar sucrose solutions at different temperatures _ _ _	647

Volume of sucrose solutions at different temperatures	648

Density of levulose solutions and mean density and expansion coeffi cients between 20 and 25 C	650

Density of dextrose solutions___	652

Correction table for determining the percentage of sucrose by means of the refractometer when the readings are made at temperatures other than 20 C	657

Refractive index of sucrose solutions at 28 C	658

Correction table for determining the percentage of sucrose by means of the tropical model of refractometer when the readings are made at temperatur...	662

Immersion refractometer	663

Schönrock temperature corrections for determining refractive index of sucrose solutions by means of a refractometer when readings are made at tem...	664

Method of obtaining log T	666

Refractive index of levulose solutions_	670

Viscosity of sucrose solutions	671

Viscosity of sucrose solutions at 20 C relative to water nnH20	672

Viscosity of sucrose solutions from 0 to 40 C in 5 degree intervals	673

Viscosity of sucrose solutions from 45 to 80 C in 5 degree intervals	674

Herzfeld table of solubility of sucrose in water at different temperatures	676

Velocity of crystallization according to Kukharenko and concentration data for pure sucrose in water	677

Solubility of dextrose in water	679

Solubility of levulose in water	680

Concentration data for levulose in water	683

Solubility of lactose in water__	690

Approximate composition of invertsugar solutions saturated with respect to dextrose at various temperatures computed	691

Influence of invert sugar on the solubility of sucrose	692

Elevation of the boiling point of sucrose solutions above that of water	694

at various vapor pressures	696

Purity factors for use with drylead defecation	702

International atomic weights 1941	703

Optical rotation and melting point of certain sugars and sugar deriva tives	704

d References	711

Optical rotation and mutarotation of the reducing sugars	762

Corrections to be applied to saccharimetric readings of levulose solutions when a constant normal weight is used	766

Appendix 2 Résumé of the work of the International Commis	767

Appendix 3 United States Customs Regulations_	781

Quartz control plates	800

Determination of moisture__	804

Structure of sodium lines et different intensities 48	810

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Circular of the National Bureau of Standards, Issue 440
United States. National Bureau of Standards
Full view - 1942

Common terms and phrases

acetate amount analysis apparatus axis azimuth beam boiling Brix Bureau of Standards C. S. Hudson calcium carbon cell CH₂OH CHCl3 Chem chloride coefficient color concentration constant containing cooled copper correction crystals determined deut dextrose dilute dissolved distilled electrode elliptically equation equilibrium evaporated FIGURE filter filtrate flask glass glycosides grams H. S. Isbell H₂O heating hydrochloric acid instrument International Sugar Scale invert sugar invertase lactose lamp lead acetate levulose liquid measurements melting method methyl alcohol mg mg mg mixture molasses mutarotation National Bureau nicol nicol prism normal weight obtained optical rotation oscillation oxide percent plane polarized polariscope polarized light potassium precipitate prism quantity quartz quartz control plates raffinose reaction reading reducing sugars refracting Research NBS saccharimeter sample sirup sodium specific rotation substance sucrose sucrose solutions sugar solution sulfate sulfuric acid temperature tion titration tube vacuo volume washed wave length

Bibliographic information

Title	Circular of the National Bureau of Standards, Issue 440 Circular of the National Bureau of Standards, United States. National Bureau of Standards Issue 440 of National Bureau of Standards Circular, United States. National Bureau of Standards
Author	United States. National Bureau of Standards
Publisher	U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942
Original from	Columbia University
Digitized	28 Aug 2017

Export Citation	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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Circular of the National Bureau of Standards, Issue 440

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