Opinion of the Court. 268 U.S. ousted of jurisdiction by the mere assertion of an adverse claim. The court has jurisdiction to inquire into the claim for the purpose of ascertaining whether the summary remedy is an appropriate one within the principles. of decision here stated. Mueller v. Nugent, supra; Schweer v. Brown, 130 Fed. 328, 195, U. S. 171; Hebert v. Crawford, 228 U. S. 204; In re Ellis Bros. Printing Co., 156 Fed. 430. It may disregard the assertion that the claim is adverse if on the undisputed facts it appears to be merely colorable. In re Weinger, Bergman & Co., 126 Fed. 875; In re Rudnick & Co., 158 Fed. 223; In re Ransford, 194 Fed. 658; Michaelis v. Lindeman, 196 Fed. 718. The petition upon which this proceeding was intitiated was in the usual form and prayed that the respondents be required to account for all moneys and properties coming into their hands as assignees or trustees under the assignment for the benefit of creditors. Such was their duty. Having assumed to take possession of the property of the bankrupt for its account, it was their legal duty to turn the property or its proceeds over to the trustee in bankruptcy or to account for their inability to do so by showing either a disposition of it in performance of a legal duty assumed toward the bankrupt or the bankrupt's trustee or by clothing themselves with the protection of a claim adverse to the bankrupt which was not merely colorable. As found by the Court, respondents came into the possession of moneys of the bankrupt which were by them placed on deposit to their credit as trustees or assignees for the benefit of creditors. The result of this transaction was that neither the bank nor the assignees held any specific money for account of the bankrupt and its creditors. They were creditors of the bank and the bank was their debtor. Marine Bank v. Fulton Bank, 2 Wall. 252; Phoenix Bank v. Risley, 111 U. S. 125. We are not therefore dealing with money in the possession of the assignees or the bank in any literal sense, but the credit as a mere chose in action was held by the assignees for account of the bankrupt and they were bound to account for its proper disposition as for any other property coming into their hands. The several amounts debited to the account, with the assent or connivance of the assignee subsequent to the filing of the petition, fall clearly within the rule that, as to property in the hands of the bankrupt or held by others for his account, "The filing of the petition is a caveat to all the world and in fact an attachment and an injunction." Mueller v. Nugent, supra; Lazarus v. Prentice, 234 U. S. 263; Knapp & Spencer Co. v. Drew, 160 Fed. 413; In re Denson, 195 Fed. 854; In re Leigh, 208 Fed. 486; Gunther v. Home Ins. Co. et al., 276 Fed. 575; Matter of R. & W. Skirt Co. et al., 222 Fed. 256; Reed v. Barnett Nat. Bank, 250 Fed. 983; and see Acme Harvester Co. v. Beekman Lum. Co., 222 U. S. 300. See Babbitt v. Dutcher, 216 U. S. 102. In consequence, any person acquiring an interest in property of the bankrupt or his assignees for the benefit of creditors, adverse to the creditors, after the filing of a petition with notice of it, may be directed to surrender the property thus acquired by summary order of the Bankruptcy Court. In re Denson, supra; In re Rudnick, supra; and see White v. Schloerb, supra. The rule is the same when a creditor secures payment of his debt from the bankrupt's estate after the filing of the petition. A summary order may be made directing repayment of the money to the trustee in bankruptcy. Knapp & Spencer Co. v. Drew; In re Leigh; Matter of R. & W. Skirt Co., supra; In re Columbia Shoe Co., 289 Fed. 465. A like rule has been applied where a bank secures payment of its debt by setting up its lien or right of counterclaim against a deposit account of the bankrupt or the bankrupt's assignee, created subsequent to the filing Opinion of the Court. 268 U.S. of the petition. Michaelis v. Lindeman, 196 Fed. 718; Reed v. Barnett Nat. Bk., supra. See Farmers & Mechanics Bank v. Wilkinson, Trustee, 266 U. S. 503. Any other rule would leave the Bankruptcy Court powerless to deal in an effective way with those holding property for the bankrupt who, pending the bankruptcy proceedings, wilfully dispose of it by placing it beyond the reach of the court. Bryan v. Bernheimer, 181 U. S. 188, 196. We do not think, however, that respondents stand in any better position with respect to the first debit of $4,516.43 which was made a few days before the filing of the petition. The creditor's agreement, under which respondents were appointed assignees, and which was signed by them and by the Sutter National Bank, provided for only a pro rata distribution among creditors and expressly extended the time of payment of all indebtedness of the bankrupt for one year from the date of the creditors' agreement, which was dated September 15, 1920. The findings of the referee and the supporting evidence leave no doubt that Henderson, who with the assent of the co-assignee, Scannell, was in active control of the account both as an assignee for the benefit of creditors and for the bank as its president, directed this and all later debits to be made in the account, in fraud of the rights of creditors whom he assumed to represent. There cannot, we think, be any pretense that the bank could assert a lien or counterclaim before the filing of the petition, in the face of its extension of its note by the creditors' agreement (Fifth National Bank v. Lyttle, 250 Fed. 361; Heyman v. Third National Bank, 216 Fed. 685), or at any time, in view of its transfer of the account to trustees for the benefit of creditors under the agreement signed by it. Fitzgerald v. Bank, 64 Minn. 469; Lynman v. Bank, 98 Me. 448. The findings of the referee and the evidence leave no doubt that the surrender or abandonment of their bank account to the bank by the assignees and its attempted application by the bank to the payment of its note was collusive and without any substantial basis of legal right. At most it was a clumsy, ineffectual and fraudulent effort to divert the funds of the bankrupt to the payment of a favored creditor. While it is now settled that the claim of an assignee for the benefit of creditors, of the right to charge in his account expenses incurred or expenditures made prior to the filing of the petition in bankruptcy, is an adverse claim which cannot be adjudicated in a summary proceeding (Louisville Trust Co. v. Comingor, 184 U. S. 18; Galbraith v. Vallely, 256 U. S. 46), we think the rule cannot be extended to a case such as this where the claim is merely colorable and on its face made in bad faith and without any legal justification. Nor is it any answer to such a proceeding that the diverted assets are no longer under the control of the assignees. They do not discharge the duty to account by showing that they assented to a cancellation of their bank account as assignees, and its application on an indebtedness of the bankrupt to the bank. The duty of a fiduciary to account for property entrusted to his care is fulfilled by delivery of the property, but if he has put it out of his power to deliver it, he may nevertheless be compelled to account for its worth. United States v. Dunn et al., post, p. 121. He is subject to the summary order of the Bankruptcy Court to restore the property to the bankrupt's estate. If he has sold it or mingled it with his own, he may be compelled by summary order to restore the value of the property thus wrongfully diverted. In re Denson, supra, and see Bryan v. Bernheimer, supra, at p. 197. For that reason it is not necessary for us to enquire into the legal consequences which flow from the findings. of the referee tending to show that the bank account was at all times under the control of Henderson, acting in Opinion of the Court. 268 U.S. the dual capacity of assignee of the debtor and president of the creditor bank, or to ascertain whether such a situation falls within the rule that one acting in one capacity, subject to a summary order of the court, may not relieve himself from the duty to pay over money on a summary order by setting up that, although the money is still under his control, he holds it in a different capacity. See Smith v. Longbottom & Son, 142 Fed. 291. We rest our decision rather on the duty of assignees, for the benefit of creditors, to account in a summary proceeding for the property which they have received within four months of the bankruptcy and to make restitution of the value of the property of the bankrupt which they have dissipated without a colorable claim of right. On the argument, respondents relied upon numerous cases in the District Courts and Circuit Courts of Appeals to the effect that the court will not in a summary proceeding make an order requiring a bankrupt to pay over money to his trustee unless the bankrupt's ability to comply therewith is plainly and affirmatively shown. American Trust Co. v. Wallis, 126 Fed. 464; In re Berman, 165 Fed. 383; In re Sax, 141 Fed. 223; In re Goldfarb Brothers, 131 Fed. 643; Epstein v. Steinfeld, 210 Fed. 236; In re Nisenson, 182 Fed. 912; In re Stern, 215 Fed. 979. But we think that a bankrupt who is shown to have turned over generally his assets and property to the receiver or the trustee in bankruptcy, is in a different situation from one not a bankrupt who is under a duty to account in a summary proceeding. A court of bankruptcy should not make useless orders. If the bankrupt has turned over his property generally to the Bankruptcy Court and is not shown to possess or control the specific property which is the subject of summary order, there may be a presumption that any order will be groundless. No such presumption obtains with respect to respondents. They have not shown that they are insolvent or in other |