tion of melodies to be preferred subject; we shall only speak of it now after the manner VIII. 7. of the legislator, having regard to general principles. 3 We accept the division of melodies proposed by cer- Classificatain philosophers into ethical melodies, melodies of melodies. action, and passionate or inspiring melodies, each having, as they say, a mode or harmony corresponding to it. But we maintain further that music should be studied, not for the sake of one, but of many benefits, that is to say, with a view to (1) education, (2) purification (the word 'purification' we use at present without explanation, but when hereafter we speak of poetry", we will treat the subject with more precision); music may also serve (3) for intellectual enjoyment, for relaxation and 1342 a.for recreation after exertion. It is clear, therefore, that all the harmonies must be employed by us, but not all of them in the same manner. In education ethical Ethical melodies are to be preferred, but we may listen to the melodies of action and passion when they are per- in educa4 formed by others. For feelings such as pity and fear,sionate or, again, enthusiasm, exist very strongly in some souls, purify the and have more or less influence over all. Some persons. fall into a religious frenzy, whom we see disenthralled by the use of mystic melodies, which bring healing 5 and purification to the soul. Those who are influenced by pity or fear and every emotional nature have a like experience, others in their degree are stirred by something which specially affects them, and all are in a manner purified and their souls lightened and delighted. The melodies of purification likewise give 6 an innocent pleasure to mankind. Such are the harmonies and the melodies in which those who perform music at the theatre should be invited to compete. But since the spectators are of two kinds the one Music for free and educated, and the other a vulgar crowd tude, 7 composed of mechanics, labourers, and the like-there ought to be contests and exhibitions instituted for the Cp. Poet. c. 6, though the promise is really unfulfilled. S melodies roubled the multi 1 VEI # 4.xation of the second claws also. And the melns as ther minds are pierverted from the natura stare so there are exagperated and corrupted harmonies which are in The manner & perversion. A mar receves picaFLTE What p natura' to him, and therefore professional woan may be allowed to practise this lower sort of The Dommusic before an audience or a lower type. But for the s purposes o, education as I have already said those minds and mɛisches should be employed which are ethical They ran Two principles have to be kept in view, what is 13 possible, what is becoming: at these every man ought to amm. But even these are relative to age; the old, • Plato Rep. ii. 309 Retaining the MS. reading widows. Cp. Poet. c. 2. § 7. * Cp. c. 5. ý 22. who have lost their powers, cannot very well sing the VIII. 7. severe melodies, and nature herself seems to suggest that their songs should be of the more relaxed kind. in alto relaxed such as the 14 Wherefore the musicians likewise blame Socrates, and wrong also with justice, for rejecting the relaxed harmonies in educa- gether retion under the idea that they are intoxicating, not in the Jecting the ordinary sense of intoxication (for wine rather tends to harmonies, excite men), but because they have no strength in them. Lydian, And so with a view to a time of life when men begin to grow old, they ought to practise the gentler harmonies 15 and melodies as well as the others. And if there be any harmony, such as the Lydian above all others appears to be, which is suited to children of tender age, and possesses the elements both of order and of education, clearly [we ought to use it, for] education should be based upon three principles-the mean, the possible, the becoming, these three. INDEX. A. Abydos, revolution in the govern- Achaeans, the (in Colchis), said to 3; (d) service for hire, ib. 11, Actions, divided into a superior and Admiral, office of (at Sparta), ii. 9, Adoption, laws of, enacted by Ægina, number of merchant sea- Enos, in Thrace, v. 10, § 18. Agamemnon, iii. 5, § 9; 14, § 4; Age, offices to be divided among Age for gymnastic exercises, the, Age, old, tells upon the mind as |