the punishment already meted out by the lower court. Society has rights which the individual must respect. Even in the classic land of the habeas corpus and of intense personal freedom, the appelate court may increase the punishment. Eleventh. Let the state compensate the individual for ju-dicial errors. If it has prosecuted unjustly, let it stand the expense and offer at least partial balm. Twelth. Let the perpetrator of a wrong indemnify the victim of it. Thirteenth. Employ, for occasional criminals, the suspended sentence. Fourteenth. Treat habitual criminals as pests of society. Fifteenth. Compel reparation of damage in the case of the criminal throuh the impulse of that passion which is not anti-social, but excusable, such as the passion of love and that of honor.

German Voluntary Labor Colonies. Latest statistics from Germany show that these colonies, about 36 in number, give shelter, work and reformatory influences to the "brothers of the highway" who may make application. They are farm colonies, supported partly by private subscriptions, partly by public subsidies. In 1911 there were 4,893 places or "beds" in the colonies. The total number of persons sheltered by the colonies since the foundation of the first colony in 1882 is 239,076. Entrance to the colonies is voluntary, not compulsory. The following figures show the amount of recidivism during last year:

The results of the colonies are not encouraging, as to permanent reformation or rehabilitation. They serve as excellent temporary asylums for the majority. In 1911, some of the causes for leaving the colonies were: time up, 702; at own desire, 5,948; placed in employment by colonies, 858; found own work, 1,267; went back to family, 447; broke contract with colony, 1,063; idleness, 202; drink, 278; bad conduct, 237; ran away, 437; wanted by authorities, 92. Not a very encouraging record, and one that should make pretty clear to Americans that the voluntary labor colony is no panacea for the solution of the vagrancy problem. Without the colonies, however, Germany would suffer much from vagrancy.

The New York House of Refuge.-The annual report of this institution is a mine of information, and should be in the hands of all interested in parole work and statistics. The parole svstem of the "Refuge" is often called one of the best in the country. "The during the year ending September 30. 1911, convening at 9.30 a. m., and seldom adjourning before 430 or 5.00 in the afternoon. Each boy is seen and interviewed; his case minutely examined into and investigation by the parole officers ordered, and the result of such investigation reported to the committee. Each boy is seen and interviewed before his parole, his prospective work investigated, and his parents, relatives, or other friends interviewed concerning the boy's welfare. The action of the committee is based in all cases upon the results of these examinations and investigations, which are thorough and complete.

"The number of boys who came voluntarily to the superintendent's office during the year for advice and counsel concerning their work or other matters was 1.084. The number of boys re

turned for violation of parole during the year, 216, seems excessive. But this is not so when you take into consideration the total number that have been under supervision for the year, about 1,400, and the character of supervision our parole system provides. Boys who after repeated chances and warnings by letter and personal interviews persist in their failure to make the required monthly reports, who lose their work and are satisfied to remain unemployed, who leave their homes without good reason, who habitually associate with bad company, and who in other ways fail to comply with parole conditions, are returned for such time as may give assurance as to their future satisfactory conduct.

"The average time in the House of Refuge for boys committed to the institution for the first time is 18 months and 22 days; of the boys returned for violation of parole 6 months and 21 days."

Of those committed during the year ending September 30, 1911:

60 were never arrested before.
67 were arrested once.
46 were arrested twice.

45 were arrested three times.
17 were arrested four times.
12 were arrested five times.

3 were arrested seven times.

Of the 40.7 per cent. of the boys on parole returned during the year for violation of parole there had been on parole:

Less than 6 months-83, or 33.20 per cent. More than six months and

less than one year-69, or 27.60 per cent. More than one year and

less than two yrs.-69, or 27.60 per cent. More than two yrs.-29, or 11.60 per cent.

Noteworthy is the fact that the parole period for these boys extends over several years, and may be by law until the boy reaches his majority.

The

careful parole figures can be commended to all institutions keeping (and publishing) parole statistics. In a summary of the parole work of the House of Refuge, it is stated that of the total (2,040) individual boys paroled since January 1, 1905 (a period of six years and nine months), there were on Sept. 30th, 1911:

Doing well... 1,195, or 58.58 per cent.
Not doing well.... 500, or 24.51 per cent.
Unknown
345, or 16.91 per cent.

Progress in New Jersey.-The State Charities Aid and Prison Reform Association reports as follows:

The prospective change in the method of employing prisoners will take place with the expiration of the existing contracts at the state prison at Trenton in 1914. In the meantime there is much that must be done to prepare for it if the State is to avoid a period of idleness for its prisoners. Plans should be perfected within the next year for selecting and organizing industries and for the purchase and installation of needed equipment. This work will fall upon the prison labor commission, to be appointed by the Governor under the act of 1911. The commission must have at its command the facilities for securing data from the various institutions and political subdivisions covering their present and prospective use of goods that may be manufactured in the State prison and Rahway reformatory. The creation of a bureau of prison labor in the department of charities and correction is suggested. The Commissioner of Charities and Correction [Joseph P. Byers has been recently appointed to this position] is by law ex-officio chairman of the commission. The enlargement of his present force to include a superintendent of prison industries with necessary clerical help, to be organized as a bureau of prison labor under the immediate direction of the commission, would be at once logical and economical. The real work of the commission, however, need not be delayed until the expiration of the Trenton contracts. The Rahway reformatory, with its five hundred inmates, none of whom are under contract, offers a field for the immediate adoption of the State use system. The commissioners, as soon as they are appointed, have thus the opportunity or inaugurating the system and working out some of the details before the larger problem of organizing the work at the Trenton prison is forced upon them.

The indeterminate sentence now in

force at the State prison will be of comparatively little benefit unless the prison authorities are enabled to employ a sufficient number of competent parole officers, certainly in the beginning not less than two. The law itself is not specific on this point, but after-supervision, with all that it implies, is vital to the success of the law. The development of this work at the State reformatory gives a reasonable hope of what may be expected from similarly efficient work at the prison.

Million Earned by Men Out on Parole. -San Francisco, Cal.-State Parole Officer Ed. H. Whyte, in his monthly report to the California State Board of Prison Directors, has submitted some forceful figures to support the theory of parole. He finds that 1,197 men paroled from San Quentin earned $748,679.85, and saved out of that amount a total of $190,499.12. A total of 400 men paroled from Folsom earned $254,524.02 and saved $60,984.78. The grand total is $1,003,203.87 earned and $251,483.90 saved.

A quarter of a million dollars put into bank accounts by men who were once supposed to be useless, fit only to be confined in cells and kept from the ordinary walks of life because they could not be trusted.

Parole Officer Whyte's report for the month on this same subject is illuminating, as showing the workings of the parole system, which requires of each man thus liberated a monthly report of his conduct, his cash account, his manner of earning a living, his associates.

The earnings of all the men on parole in the month of May were $16.848.28; their expenses were $12,532.16; their savings, $4.316.12. This statement refers to 465 men on parole at the beginning of the month-342 from San Quentin and 123 from Folsom. They are all at work. The terms of their parole demand that they be continuously employed. Idleness breeds crime.

Whyte in the course of his month's

work must get a report from every man under his supervision. His report tells that he has received visits at his office from 170 and has himself called on 143.

Almost as illuminating as the record of the paroled men's wage-earning ability is the record of violations. Whyte in his report goes back to the year 1893 and shows that of the 1,637 men released on parole 1,388 “made good." That is, 84.8 per cent. kept the faith with the prison directors and fully justified the confidence reposed in them.

Since 1893 only 249 men violated the strict conditions of their parole-that is, entered saloons, left the state, failed to report or neglected the smaller rules set up for their own protection, as well as the safeguarding of society at large. Of this number 153 were returned to the penitentiaries. Of these 249, too, only 22 committed new crimes. That is, out of 1,637 paroled men only 22. or 1.3 per cent., went back to a life of lawlessness.

The success of the parole law is therefore wonderfully demonstrated by a ratio of 1.3 per cent. of disappointing ones to 98.7 per cent. of men who, once gone wrong, took advantage of the opportunity to keep out of further trouble.

Quite Unique. Ray T. Baker, warden of the Nevada Penitentiary, is abolishing with wonderful success all the brutalizing rules of the old-time prison system. Mr. Baker's prisoners lead healthy, industrious lives. They study and they work. And on leaving prison they engage in honest labor.

"Our institution," Mr. Baker said to a reporter, “isn't much like a reformatory I once visited in my youth.

"A very strange thing happened in this reformatory back in '89,' a warden said to me.

"Yes? And what was that?' I asked. "One of our prisoners,' he replied, 'reformed'."-New York Tribune.

The city farms, or as the Council named them, the Cooley farms, are in Warrensville, ten and eleven miles from the public square on the Chagrin Falls electric line. Together they form a group of four estates, each one consisting of five hundred acres; the Colony farm, or the place of residence of the infirmary or almshouse people; the Overlook farm, on which the municipal tuberculosis sanatorium. is being erected; the Correction farm, on which is the workhouse or house of correction group; and the Highland Park farm, on which has been laid out a magnificent municipal cemetery. Together these estates form a vast tract of high rolling land of nearly two thousand acres, or more than three square miles. With this large area it is possible to have the different groups entirely distinct and at the same time the advantage of controlling a large environment. The colony or infirmary group is a mile and a half from the house of correction buildings. The entrances from the public highway are nearly three miles apart. The Colony and the Overlook farms are six hundred feet higher than the city.

Underneath this movement back to the land are simple fundamental principles. The first is that normal environment has a strong tendency to restore men to normal mental and physical condition. Whether people are abnormal in body or mind or heart, it is the part of wisdom to place them in the open-air life and the normal environment of the country. This form of treatment will not always cure, but its efficiency is being recognized more and more in tuberculosis, insanity and all other forms of abnormal development.

The second principle is that the land furnishes the largest opportunities for the aged and defective to use whatever powers and talents they may possess. In shop and factory the man who cannot do his full work is crowded out. Upon the land, the men past their prime, the crippled, the weak, can always find some useful work. "Idleness is the heaviest of all oppression."

The house of correction group has one of its buildings completed, known as the correction square. It is two hundred and sixty feet square, built about a great court. The court forms an inside recreation ground for the