passers killed and 25 per cent. in the number injured.

Having succeeded in greatly decreasing the practice of trespassing on its lines, the Pennsylvania Railroad system is now preparing to conduct an even more aggressive campaign during 1912. Tracks will be re-posted with warning notices, and continued effort will be made toward having more stringent laws enacted with a view to decreasing still further the number of deaths resulting from trespassing on its property.

The renewed and diligent efforts the Pennsylvania is making to stop trespassing will be measurably influential, the management believes, in arousing the public to a realization that in railroad accidents it is the individual who loses his life, than which there can be no greater sacrifice. The railroad may be penalized by payments in money, but the individual's or citizen's penalty is the supreme one of life, which, manifestly,

it is the highest duty of the state to protect by such legislation as will tend to prevent trespassing on railroads.

Tramps form the largest percentage of those killed and injured on railroad tracks, though many factory employes and children lose their lives annually in this way. Writers who have studied the problem agree that the tramp could not exist without the railroads. They afford a means of "beating his way,' _from place to place that makes it possible for him to live.

From time to time the railroads have succeeded in enlisting the co-operation of various communities in punishing tramps with very good results, but instances of this zeal on the part of the municipalities have been too sporadic to accomplish any permanent good. The railroads are willing to do their part to stamp out this evil, but this cannot be accomplished without the co-operation of the state and county authorities.

The Prison Association of Georgia has been in existence nearly a year. If we were organized mainly to aid discharged prisoners, as has been the case with most prison associations, we would now have to acknowledge our failure thus far. Perhaps we have thus far aided fifty discharged men, and most of these instances have been in the last few months of our existence. Moreover, they have been almost entirely from the county in which Atlanta is located.

Another cause why our numbers are small when considering only aided men is that we are giving assistance only to white men upon their discharge. This does not mean that we care nothing for the negro, but rather because he is not handicapped in getting work on account of his prison experience. He finds as many good friends after his sentence is served as before. He is not disgraced because of his misfortune, and employment is awaiting him on his discharge.

Our work here is mainly educational, stirring up public interest in modern preventive and corrective methods, organizing this interest and endeavoring steadily to enlighten it with a view to constant im

provement of the system. We are laying emphasis on the establishment of juve-. nile courts, the adoption of the probation system for adults, the extension and per-, fection of the parole system for all men going out, the proper equipment of institutions for wayward and delinquent boys and girls, and the improvement of conditions in jails and the 180 prison camps scattered over the state. In connection with these we are emphasizing the folly of allowing the lowest type of men we can produce to serve as guards and keepers, in keeping the men chained when there is a guard with rapid fire gun for every eight or ten prisoners, in using the strap for every breach of discipline, in mingling the young with the old, the beginner with the hardened and hope

less.

ing food and training labor to produce food. The Review will render good public service if it will spread the gospel of more land for the prisons and other state institutions which can profitably work the land. The country has gone mad on bonus factories for boom towns and the country has been drained of foodproducing labor. Let the prisoners help adjust the uneven balances.

The Annual Report from Atlanta.Of especial importance in the recommendations in the annual report of Wiliam H. Moyer, warden of the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, is that the persons dependent upon United States prisoners be paid a just sum for the labor which those prisoners perform for the government.

"It would, in my opinion," says Warden Moyer, "be a long step in the way of modern prison reform if a law could be enacted providing that an arbitrary value, consistent with the character of the labor performed, be placed upon the labor of United States prisoners, and that the money thus earned by the prisoners, after deducting the cost of individual maintenance, and a fair allowance for overhead charges, be paid to the dependents of the prisoner, or in cases where there are no dependents, credited to him on the books of the prison, to be disbursed by him as such disbursements are made under our present rules and regulations."

Mr. Moyer asks that the government authorize the erection of a separate building for criminals under 20 years of age. He recommends a reformatory building with a suitable enclosure on the federal reservation.

During the year 1911 there were 97 prisoners under 20 years of age held for terms of varying lengths in the penitentiary. During the year these prisoners were segregated outside of working hours on a separate floor from other inmates. Complete segregation, however, is not possible, according to the report, without a separate building.

Touching upon the recently inaugurated parole system, Mr. Moyer says that since December 1910 a total of 97 pris

oners have been paroled from the institution, and not in a single instance has a violation of the parole regulation by one of these men come to his knowledge. Since their parole the 97 prisoners have earned a total sum of $11,547, and of that total they have spent only $9,135, showing a fair amount saved by each paroled prisoner. Mr. Moyer heartily indorses the parole system.

Mr. Moyer speaks of the completion of the famous concrete wall round the prison, which was commenced in 1903 and finished on September 27, 1910. With one exception this is the largest piece of concrete construction in the United States. This wall is more than 4,178 feet long, and encloses 271⁄2 acres. Its height varies from 28 to 37 feet above the level ground, and it is 4 feet thick at the base, and 2 feet at the top. Nearly a hundred million pounds of cemen, sand, granite, steel and piping were used in the construction.

The average prison population for the year was 767. The average cost per capita for the subsistence for the year was ten and ten-eights cents per day. This amount shows an increase over the preceding year, but is easily accounted for by the fact that the cost of supplies for the year was 6 per cent. more than during the preceding year.

Another increase at the prison was in reports of bad conduct by prisoners. This is attributed by the warden to the disappointment of some of the inmates at not being paroled and by the recent investigation of prison affairs by the officials of the department of justice.

The Cost of Incbriety.-From the Survey we take the following:

Inebriety is the source of many of the most important problems of govern ment. Recent figures show that 28.9 per cent. of the male cases of insanity in New York are due to excessive use of alcohol. In Pennsylvania 41 per cent. of the imbeciles owe their condition to intemperance, 30 to 40 per cent. of epileptic cases have their origin in alcoholism. The report of the board of prison commissioners of Massachusetts for 1908 states that 68,365, or 60 per cent.

of the total arrests were made for public intoxication. Drunkenness as a cause of poverty is continually noticed in every day life.

The number of persons who appear again and again for drunkenness is alarming. In one case, a man now 61 years of age has been in the workhouse 62 separate times. He has spent 3,163 days there at a total cost for maintenance alone of $1868.53. Another case has been in the workhouse 34 different times, in the alcoholic wards of a city hospital 31 times, in the municipal lodging house twice, in the almshouse once and in two other hospitals two times. each. He has spent a total of 1,943 days in these various places at a total cost of $1.323.12 Still another case, a man about 55 years of age, has been in the workhouse, almshouse, or hospitals 71 times or a total of 5,884 days, at a total cost of $2,492,37. In Utica, N. Y., one person has appeared before the police court at least 160 times for public intoxication.

Seven states provide for the commitment of habitual drunkards on the petition of relatives accompanied by proper medical certification. When a man has completely lost his self-control and is a constant burden to his family, it should not be necessary for him to become so obnoxious to the community as to incur arrest for disorderly conduct before he can be committed to an institution.

Medical authorities are unanimous in their belief in the farm colony treatment. The prime necessities are: isolation from alcohol for a continuous period of time, abundance of light and fresh air. therapeutic baths and as much outdoor work as the patient is capable of physically. Not all cases of inebriety, however, can be treated alike. Physical differences due to the stage of the disease require classification and diversified treatment. Incipient and advanced cases cannot be treated together.

Prison Labor and the Institution.The Illinois Institutional Quarterly, published by the board of administrators, prints the following:

The statutes of Illinois forbid the

sale of any of the products of convict labor upon the open market, or bringing the labor of prisoners into competition. with free labor; also, the contracting of the labor of prisoners. All prisoners in reformatories and penitentiaries are to be employed in "the production of supplies for said institutions, or for the state, or for any public institution owned or managed and controlled by the state, or for the purpose of industrial training and instruction, or for the making of crushed rock for road material, and for the improvement of public grounds owned by the state, or use in and upon public buildings owned by the state, or for agricultural pursuits for the support of the inmates of the state institutions. This is the system known as state or public account. But "if the demands of the state, the state institutions, and the school and road districts thereof shall not be sufficient to furnish employmentto all the prisoners of the penal and reformatory institutions of the state, then the board of prison industries is authorized to dispose of the surplus product of such labor to the best advantage of the state; provided, that not more than forty per cent. of said prisoners shall be employed in the manufacture of products which may be disposed of other than to the state, state institutions and school and road districts of the state."

A "Live Wire" in Alabama.-Dr. W. H. Oates was recently appointed prison inspector for Alabama.. Dr. Oates is determined that wherever there is a cleaning-up of prison conditions needed, it shall occur. His powers are remarkably broad. Recently he has ordered the abandonment of the Jefferson county jail and the cleaning-up of the Mobile city jail. In his letter regarding the latter institution the following recommendations are ordered:

1. Clean and paint the kitchen and screen it from flies.

2. Install sanitary drinking fountains in the white male, colored male and colored female apartments.

These succinct orders are explained by Dr. Oates in the following statement: "I am going to clean up the Mobile

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city prison by the simple, and, in this case, unique, expedient of removing the dirt."

Reformatory Superintendent Appoint ed. The Georgia prison commission has elected Prof. Joseph E. Lovvorn superintendent of the state reformatory at Milledgeville.

Before assuming charge of the duties on January 1, Prof. Lovvorn will accompany Lewis J. Bernhardt, an ex-convict, who is working for the improvement of prison conditions, on a tour of inspection of various similar institutions in the north and east and make a close study of the needs of the Georgia reformatory, which has never been entirely satisfactory to the commission.

No More Stripes.-Word comes from Atlanta that in the endeavor to ameliorate conditions of the federal prisoners within the next few days stripes will be done away with forever. For some time stripes have only been worn by the thirdclass prisoners here, those who have broken some of the prison rules. After

this all the men will wear dark blue suits. Another innovation has been the establishment of the prison band and orchestra. Concerts are given every Sunday and are attended by large numbers of Atlantans. A prison baseball league has also been established. Several games have already been played.

At the session of the board of trustees of the Kansas City University in the early part of June, Dr. E. A. Fredenhagen was elected to the professorship of criminology. The trustees were led to take this action by the interest awakened by a course of lectures given last winter in the university extension department of this institution. Dr. Fredenhagen, in these lectures, demonstrated the value of the newer methods, that aim at the prevention of crime and the reformation of the criminal.

Prison Verse.-There's a man in Auburn state prison that has messages for more people than those that read the Star of Hope, the weekly prison newspaper of the New York state prisons Here are two of his recent poems:

CHEER UP.

By Auburn No. 31381.
Yet a few days more I'll linger
Here within my prison cell,
Till the crook of time's long finger
Beckons me away to dwell;
When I pass the open gateway

On my way to freedom's goal,
May I leave some thoughts behind me
That will help some weary soul.
Let this message that I give you

Help to cheer you on your way: Do not let your thoughts deceive you Every man must have his day. Fill your heart with hope, and lock it, Till your sorrows from you roll; Put your troubles in the pocket

That has got the biggest hole.
PLAY THE GAME.
Shakespeare says the world's a stage
Where men and women play,
While others claim that life's a fight-
A battle night and day.
To me life but a game appears,
And my ambition's aim

Is not a grandstand seat to hold,
But just to play the game.

Yes, play the game for all it's worth,
Obeying all the rules;

The ones who break them purposely,
Are merely knaves or fools.
Don't be a looker on in life;

The idler gains no fame:
The only man who's worth his salt,
Is he who plays the game.
There's room for all upon the field,

And every one can score; And when the game of life is done, Each his reward shall draw; So don't stand by and lose your place,

Be worthy of your name; Don't let one loss discourage you, Get in and play the game.