I certify that the above is a true-correct statement of the employees earnings. To: EMPLOYEE I certify that as a direct result of the Three Mile Island evacuation advisory, my gross (before deductions) wage loss was: NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. American Nuclear Insurers continues to issue its nuclear energy liability policies under its original name, Nuclear Energy Liability Insurance Association. In 1974 this name was changed to Nuclear Energy Liability-Property Insurance Association, and in 1978 this was changed to American Nuclear Insurers, but the association retained authority to continue its limited use of its first name. 2. Report #1 (Rev.3/83) Nuclear Insurance: Facts and Figures - Available from American Nuclear Insurers. 3. See Section 170b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended. The total amount of nuclear liability insurance has increased to $570 million at the time this report was prepared and the NRC no longer has a direct indemnity role. The Pools presently provide $160 million of nuclear liability insurance in the primary layer and the owners of 82 nuclear power reactors licensed to operate provide a second layer of $410 million protection. 4. See Section 170e. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended. 5. A standing "Committee on Claims” was created by an action of the Governing Committee of Nuclear Energy Liability Insurance Association at a meeting on December 12, 13, 1956. (NELIA - Minutes of Meeting, December 12, 13, 1956) 6. A total of only 39 incidents were reported to the Pools from 1957 to March 1979 which either gave rise to claims or which had a potential for claims to be made. 7. See Section 170m. of the Atomic Energy Act which was added by Congress by section 3 of Public Law 89-645 (80 Stat. 891) (1966). 8. Hearings - Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, 89th Congress, Second Session Proposed Amendments to Price-Anderson Act) July 19, 20 and 21, 1966- Mr. Cowie's statement is on page 127. 9. Fantasky, et al. v. General Public Utilities, Inc. et al., C. A. No. 79-0432, United States District Court, Middle District of Pennsylvania; see In Re: Three Mile Island Litigation, 87 F.R.D. 433 (M.D. Pa. 1980) 10. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. General Public Utilities Corp., et al., C.A. No. 81-0419, United States District Court, Middle District of Pennsylvania; see In Re: Three Mile Island Litigation/Governmental Entities Claims, 544 F. Supp. 853 (M.D. Pa.); aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 710 F.2d (3rd Cir. 1983) 11. The Township of Susquehanna, et al. v. General Public Utilities Corp., et al., C.A. No. 81-0437, United States District Court, Middle District of Pennsylvania; see In Re: Three Mile Island Litigation/Governmental Entities Claims, 544 F. Supp. 853 (M.D. Pa.); aff d in part, rev'd in part, 710 F.2d (3rd Cir. 1983) 12. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. General Public Utilities Corp., et al., and The Township of Susquehanna, et al., v. General Public Uitilities Corp., et al., C. A. No. 82-3425, see United States Court of Appeals (June 23, 1983); 710 F.2d 117 (3rd Cir. 1983) 13. Earl Realty, Inc., et al., v. General Public Utilities Corp., et al., C.A. No. 81-0405, Glass Kitchens of Lancaster, Inc., et al., CA. No. 81-0263, and Heritage Inns, Inc., et al., v. General Public Utilities Corp., et al., C.A. No. 81-0417, United States District Court, Middle District of Pennsylvania, see In Re: Three Mile Island Litigation Class Actions, 95 F.R.D. 164 (M.D. Pa. 1982) THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON HUMAN HEALTH Arthur C. Upton (New York University Medical Center) January, 1984 Copyright 1984 by American Nuclear Insurers Report to American Nuclear Insurers and INTRODUCTION There is widespread misunderstanding of the risks to health from nuclear energy, owing in part to the tendency to associate nuclear energy with nuclear weapons. In spite of public misconceptions, however, the peaceful uses of nuclear energy in the fields of medicine, science, industry, and the generation of electricity have grown enormously during the past 30 years. It is important that the American people have a realistic understanding of the risks to health posed by the use of nuclear power to generate electricity. Over the past 80 years, substantial knowledge and experience have been gained regarding the health effects of ionizing radiation, resulting in a broad consensus within the scientific community on the risks of low-level irradiation. This consensus, and its perspective on the implied risks to health from nuclear power, are reviewed in the following. OVERVIEW OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION Types of Radiation Injury Any living thing can be killed if exposed to a large enough dose of ionizing radiation. At the same time, everything is bathed continuously with small amounts of radiation from natural sources. Such small amounts of radiation have not been observed to cause any harmful effects on human beings. Whether they are capable of doing so is a matter of conjecture. For purposes of radiological protection, radiation injuries are customarily divided into two categories: 1) those resulting from damage to many cells, which thus do not occur unless a sizeable threshold dose of radiation is exceeded; and 2) those which may conceivably result from damage to a single cell, which thus may have no threshold (ICRP, 1977; UNSCEAR, 1982). The former-which are sometimes called "non-stochastic" effects are observed only after a dose thousands of times larger than that which is received from natural background radiation. Such effects may be experienced, for instance, by a patient treated for cancer with a large dose of radiation, or by a worker at a nuclear facility exposed to a |