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(2) This represents the incremental investment required under the policy case

to install the electrical generation capacity provided by new CHP systems.

(3) Assumes that CHP capacity is operated 6,000 hrs/year at an average load factor of 90% of rated capacity.
(4) Additional fuel required by CHP system above steam-only system to generate electricity (see text for discussion).
(5) Assumes additional fuel is NG. Uses projections for industrial N.G. prices from AE098 reference case (EIA 1997a)
(6) Uses average NG emissions factors from Electric Annual 1994 (EIA 1994):

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Reaching the Kyoto Targets, ACEEE

REFERENCES

ADL [Arthur D. Little, Inc.]. 1996. Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. Cambridge, Mass.: Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Appliance. 1996. "Statistical Review." Appliance 53(4):43-46.

1998. “1998: The Beat Goes On." Appliance 55(1): 46-58.

Baxter, L. 1998. “Electricity Policies for Low-Income Households." Energy Policy 26(3): 247256.

Bayless, Charles, and Thomas Casten. 1997. “Leave CO, to the Entrepreneurs" (Op Ed column). Washington Post. December 31: A21.

Bernow, Stephen, William Dougherty, Max Duckworth, Sivan Kartha, Michael Lazarus, and Michael Ruth. 1997. Policies and Measures to Reduce CO, Emissions in the United States: An Analysis of Options for 2005 and 2010. Boston, Mass.: Tellus Institute.

Bluestein, Joel. (Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.) 1998. Personal communication to Neal Elliott.

Brick, Steve. 1998. “Memorandum re: CO, Emission Reductions Resulting from Environmental Comparability Policy/Competition vs. The Kyoto Protocol." Boston, Mass: Clean Air Taskforce.

Bryson, Teresa, William Major, and Keith Davidson. 1998. “Chemical and Kilowatts." Energy xxiii (3): 26-28.

Calwell, Chris, Danielle Dowers, and Doug Johnson. 1998. How Far Have We Come? Remaining Opportunities for Upgrading Fluorescent Ballasts and Lamps. SM-98–4. Boulder, Colo: E Source, Inc.

Carroll, Peter. (Solar Turbines, Inc.) 1998. Personal communication to Neal Elliott.

Casten, Thomas R., and Mark C. Hall. 1998. Barriers to Deploying More Efficient Electrical Generation and Combined Heat and Power Plants. White Plains, N.Y.: Trigen Energy Corp.

Cogen Europe. 1997. European Cogeneration Review 1997. Brussels, Belguim: Cogen Europe. Clinton, William. 1998. “Radio Address of President Clinton to the Nation." January 31.

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(2) This represents the incremental investment required under the policy case

to install the electrical generation capacity provided by new CHP systems.

(3) Assumes that CHP capacity is operated 6,000 hrs/year at an average load factor of 90% of rated capacity.
(4) Additional fuel required by CHP system above steam-only system to generate electricity (see text for discussion).
(5) Assumes additional fuel is NG. Uses projections for industrial N.G. prices from AEO98 reference case (EIA 1997a)
(6) Uses average NG emissions factors from Electric Annual 1994 (EIA 1994):

Notes:

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Reaching the Kyoto Targets, ACEEE

REFERENCES

ADL [Arthur D. Little, Inc.]. 1996. Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. Cambridge, Mass.: Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Appliance. 1996. "Statistical Review." Appliance 53(4):43-46.

1998. "1998: The Beat Goes On." Appliance 55(1): 46-58.

Baxter, L. 1998. "Electricity Policies for Low-Income Households." Energy Policy 26(3): 247256.

Bayless, Charles, and Thomas Casten. 1997. “Leave CO, to the Entrepreneurs" (Op Ed column). Washington Post. December 31: A21.

Bernow, Stephen, William Dougherty, Max Duckworth, Sivan Kartha, Michael Lazarus, and Michael Ruth. 1997. Policies and Measures to Reduce CO, Emissions in the United States: An Analysis of Options for 2005 and 2010. Boston, Mass.: Tellus Institute.

Bluestein, Joel. (Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.) 1998. Personal communication to Neal Elliott.

Brick, Steve. 1998. “Memorandum re: CO, Emission Reductions Resulting from Environmental Comparability Policy/Competition vs. The Kyoto Protocol." Boston, Mass: Clean Air Taskforce.

Bryson, Teresa, William Major, and Keith Davidson. 1998. “Chemical and Kilowatts." Energy xxiii (3): 26-28.

Calwell, Chris, Danielle Dowers, and Doug Johnson. 1998. How Far Have We Come? Remaining Opportunities for Upgrading Fluorescent Ballasts and Lamps. SM-98-4. Boulder, Colo: E Source, Inc.

Carroll, Peter. (Solar Turbines, Inc.) 1998. Personal communication to Neal Elliott.

Casten, Thomas R., and Mark C. Hall. 1998. Barriers to Deploying More Efficient Electrical Generation and Combined Heat and Power Plants. White Plains, N.Y.: Trigen Energy Corp.

Cogen Europe. 1997. European Cogeneration Review 1997. Brussels, Belguim: Cogen Europe. Clinton, William. 1998. “Radio Address of President Clinton to the Nation." January 31.

Reaching the Kyoto Targets, ACEEE

Comnes, Alan, and Richard Barnes. 1987. Efficient Alternatives for Electric Drives. ORNL/TM10415. Oak Ridge, Tenn: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Cowart, Richard. 1997. "Restructuring and the Public Good: Creating a National Systems Benefits Trust." The Electricity Journal. April.

Davidson, Keith. (OnSite Energy, Inc.) 1998. Personal communication to Neal Elliott.

DeCicco, J.M. 1997. Developing a Market Creation Program to Promote Efficient Cars and Light Trucks. Washington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.

DeCicco, J.M., H.S. Geller, and J.H. Morrill. 1993. Feebates for Fuel Economy: Market Incentives for Encouraging Production and Sales of Efficient Vehicles. Washington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.

DeCicco, J.M., and M. Ross. 1996. “Recent Advances in Automotive Technology and the CostEffectiveness of Fuel Economy Improvement." Transportation Research D-1(2): 79-96.

DeLuchi, M.A. 1992. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles. UCD-ITS-RR-92-14. Davis, Calif.: Institute of Transportation Studies.

DOC [U.S. Department of Commerce]. 1994. Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, Program Plan. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.

1995. Current Industrial Reports: Electric Lamps-MQ36B, Summary 1994. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.

DOE [U.S. Department of Energy]. 1997. “Combined Heat and Power: The Potential to Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases” (Working Paper). Washington, D.C.: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy.

1998. "Life Cycle Cost of Clothes Washers-January 12 Draft (spreadsheet).” Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Energy.

DOS [U.S. Department of State]. 1997. Climate Action Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State.

[ELA] Energy Information Administration. 1994. Electric Power Annual 1994: Vol.2. Table A.3. Washington, D.C.: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.

1995. Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 1993. DOE/EIA-032(93). Washington, D.C.: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.

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