Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An IntroductionC.J. van Leeuwen, T.G. Vermeire Springer Science & Business Media, 2007 M09 4 - 686 pages Chemicals are used to make virtually every man-made regard to their production, formulation, use and disposal. product and play an important role in the everyday life It will provide a high level of protection of human health of people around the world. The chemical industry is the and the environment and, at the same time, enhance the third largest industrial sector in the world and employs competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry. millions of people. Since 1930, global production of chemicals has risen from 1 million tonnes to over 400 Successful implementation of REACH will be a million tonnes annually. In 2004 the global sales were challenge. It will involve 30,000 chemicals, 30,000 estimated at € 1776 billion. The EU accounts for companies, a newly created European Chemicals approximately 33% of global sales. This gradual increase Agency and many other stakeholders. REACH will also in the production and widespread use of chemicals was be a scientific challenge. It will boost further scientific not without “cost”. While chemicals play an important research into sustainable chemistry. It will also make us role in products for health and well-being, they may also aware of the scarce human resources currently available pose risks to human health and the environment. to meet these challenges. |
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Page xxvii
... Sediment toxicity 313 7.4.1 Introduction 313 7.4.2 Exposure systems 314 7.4.3 Effects assessment 314 7.4.4 Sediment toxicity testing 318 7.5 Terrestrial toxicity 319 7.5.1 Introduction 319 7.5.2 Exposure systems 319 7.5.3 Effects ...
... Sediment toxicity 313 7.4.1 Introduction 313 7.4.2 Exposure systems 314 7.4.3 Effects assessment 314 7.4.4 Sediment toxicity testing 318 7.5 Terrestrial toxicity 319 7.5.1 Introduction 319 7.5.2 Exposure systems 319 7.5.3 Effects ...
Page 8
... sediment, as well as loss of fish stocks can be quantified. Cost-benefit analyses are useful in many contexts, certainly in ranking investments in some order of priority and effectiveness. However, this approach can only be a guideline ...
... sediment, as well as loss of fish stocks can be quantified. Cost-benefit analyses are useful in many contexts, certainly in ranking investments in some order of priority and effectiveness. However, this approach can only be a guideline ...
Page 20
... sediment. The uncertainty in a DNEL, PNEC or ADI may be one of several orders of magnitude (i.e. powers of 10). As exposures typically vary over time and space, and plant and animal species vary widely in their susceptibility to ...
... sediment. The uncertainty in a DNEL, PNEC or ADI may be one of several orders of magnitude (i.e. powers of 10). As exposures typically vary over time and space, and plant and animal species vary widely in their susceptibility to ...
Page 30
... Sediment Groundwater V l consumer p man food products 4i —> <— lI @@ 6 do fish drinking air water milk crops meat 639 Consumer exposure Exposure via the environment Figure 1.18. Elements of the European Union System for the Evaluation ...
... Sediment Groundwater V l consumer p man food products 4i —> <— lI @@ 6 do fish drinking air water milk crops meat 639 Consumer exposure Exposure via the environment Figure 1.18. Elements of the European Union System for the Evaluation ...
Page 31
... sediment transport, wet and dry deposition, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Biotic and abiotic transformation processes are also included. Chapter 4. Environmental exposure assessment. The central theme of this chapter is ...
... sediment transport, wet and dry deposition, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Biotic and abiotic transformation processes are also included. Chapter 4. Environmental exposure assessment. The central theme of this chapter is ...
Contents
1 | |
33 | |
37 | |
38 | |
TRANSPORT ACCUMULATION AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES | 73 |
UNEP | 132 |
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT | 159 |
Transport accumulation and transformation This chapter describes basic physicochemical properties | 180 |
NEEDS AVAILABILITY SOURCES AND EVALUATION | 357 |
PREDICTING FATERELATED PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES | 375 |
PREDICTING TOXICOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS | 427 |
INTELLIGENT TESTING STRATEGIES | 467 |
RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS | 505 |
THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS IN THE USA | 553 |
THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS IN JAPAN | 575 |
THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS IN CANADA 591 | 590 |
Human exposure assessment | 196 |
WWTP | 198 |
EFFECTS ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION | 227 |
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS | 281 |
THE OECD CHEMICALS PROGRAMME | 623 |
GLOSSARY | 639 |
INDEX | 673 |
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Common terms and phrases
animals application approach aquatic aqueous Bilthoven bioaccumulation bioavailability bioconcentration biodegradation biological biomagnification biotransformation calculated carcinogenicity Chapter compartment concentration contaminants database degradation deposition described determined dose ecosystems Ecotoxicology effects emission factors emission scenario endpoints Environ Sci Technol Environ Toxicol Chem environmental enzyme Equation estimate European Chemicals Bureau evaluation example experimental exposure assessment exposure scenarios extrapolation fate Figure fish flows fraction guidelines hazard Health human hydrolysis hydrophobic industrial influence Ispra log KOW measures metabolism metals methods models molecular multimedia Netherlands OECD organic chemicals Organization for Economic oxidation parameters particles partition coefficient pesticides phase physicochemical plant pollutants potential precautionary principle predict properties Q)SARs QSAR rate constant reaction reduced regulatory relationships relevant risk assessment risk management RIVM Section sediment soil solubility sorption species steady-state studies substance Table toxicity toxicity testing Toxicology transport uncertainty uptake values vitro xenobiotics