Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An IntroductionC.J. van Leeuwen, T.G. Vermeire Springer Science & Business Media, 2007 M09 4 - 686 pages Chemicals are used to make virtually every man-made regard to their production, formulation, use and disposal. product and play an important role in the everyday life It will provide a high level of protection of human health of people around the world. The chemical industry is the and the environment and, at the same time, enhance the third largest industrial sector in the world and employs competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry. millions of people. Since 1930, global production of chemicals has risen from 1 million tonnes to over 400 Successful implementation of REACH will be a million tonnes annually. In 2004 the global sales were challenge. It will involve 30,000 chemicals, 30,000 estimated at € 1776 billion. The EU accounts for companies, a newly created European Chemicals approximately 33% of global sales. This gradual increase Agency and many other stakeholders. REACH will also in the production and widespread use of chemicals was be a scientific challenge. It will boost further scientific not without “cost”. While chemicals play an important research into sustainable chemistry. It will also make us role in products for health and well-being, they may also aware of the scarce human resources currently available pose risks to human health and the environment. to meet these challenges. |
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... effects: acute toxicity 6.4.3 Acute local effects: irritation and corrosivity 6.4.4 Sensitization 6.4.5 Repeated-dose toxicity 6.4.6 Genotoxicity 6.4.7 Carcinogenicity 6.4.8 Reproductive and developmental toxicity 6.4.9 Specific studies ...
... effects: acute toxicity 6.4.3 Acute local effects: irritation and corrosivity 6.4.4 Sensitization 6.4.5 Repeated-dose toxicity 6.4.6 Genotoxicity 6.4.7 Carcinogenicity 6.4.8 Reproductive and developmental toxicity 6.4.9 Specific studies ...
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... EFFECTS 281 7.1 Introduction 281 7.2 Fundamental aspects of ERA 282 7.2.1 Taxonomic diversity 282 7.2.2 ... Effects assessment 314 7.4.4 Sediment toxicity testing 318 7.5 Terrestrial toxicity 319 7.5.1 Introduction 319 7.5.2 Exposure ...
... EFFECTS 281 7.1 Introduction 281 7.2 Fundamental aspects of ERA 282 7.2.1 Taxonomic diversity 282 7.2.2 ... Effects assessment 314 7.4.4 Sediment toxicity testing 318 7.5 Terrestrial toxicity 319 7.5.1 Introduction 319 7.5.2 Exposure ...
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... effects in man or the environment under the conditions of exposure Risk is the probability of an adverse effect on ... effects assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization Hazard identification is the identification of the ...
... effects in man or the environment under the conditions of exposure Risk is the probability of an adverse effect on ... effects assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization Hazard identification is the identification of the ...
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... effects, magnitude of uncertainty factors are controversial topics and based on implicit political choices ... effects that a substance has an inherent capacity to cause. It is the likelihood of harm due to exposure that distinguishes ...
... effects, magnitude of uncertainty factors are controversial topics and based on implicit political choices ... effects that a substance has an inherent capacity to cause. It is the likelihood of harm due to exposure that distinguishes ...
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... effects on the growth and reproduction of various populations. This information may come from experimental laboratory studies, accidents or from other sources such as measured residues in fish or high concentrations detected at the ...
... effects on the growth and reproduction of various populations. This information may come from experimental laboratory studies, accidents or from other sources such as measured residues in fish or high concentrations detected at the ...
Contents
1 | |
33 | |
37 | |
38 | |
TRANSPORT ACCUMULATION AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES | 73 |
UNEP | 132 |
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT | 159 |
Transport accumulation and transformation This chapter describes basic physicochemical properties | 180 |
NEEDS AVAILABILITY SOURCES AND EVALUATION | 357 |
PREDICTING FATERELATED PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES | 375 |
PREDICTING TOXICOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS | 427 |
INTELLIGENT TESTING STRATEGIES | 467 |
RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS | 505 |
THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS IN THE USA | 553 |
THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS IN JAPAN | 575 |
THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS IN CANADA 591 | 590 |
Human exposure assessment | 196 |
WWTP | 198 |
EFFECTS ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION | 227 |
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS | 281 |
THE OECD CHEMICALS PROGRAMME | 623 |
GLOSSARY | 639 |
INDEX | 673 |
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Common terms and phrases
animals application approach aquatic aqueous Bilthoven bioaccumulation bioavailability bioconcentration biodegradation biological biomagnification biotransformation calculated carcinogenicity Chapter compartment concentration contaminants database degradation deposition described determined dose ecosystems Ecotoxicology effects emission factors emission scenario endpoints Environ Sci Technol Environ Toxicol Chem environmental enzyme Equation estimate European Chemicals Bureau evaluation example experimental exposure assessment exposure scenarios extrapolation fate Figure fish flows fraction guidelines hazard Health human hydrolysis hydrophobic industrial influence Ispra log KOW measures metabolism metals methods models molecular multimedia Netherlands OECD organic chemicals Organization for Economic oxidation parameters particles partition coefficient pesticides phase physicochemical plant pollutants potential precautionary principle predict properties Q)SARs QSAR rate constant reaction reduced regulatory relationships relevant risk assessment risk management RIVM Section sediment soil solubility sorption species steady-state studies substance Table toxicity toxicity testing Toxicology transport uncertainty uptake values vitro xenobiotics