The

SLIPPERY ELM-V. Fulva.—This smaller and less ornamental species is also common. wood, however, is much more valuable than the white elm, being durable and splitting readily. It makes excellent rails, and is much used for the framework of buildings; valuable for fuel; should be cultivated.

WILD BLACK CHERRY-Cerasus Serotina.—This large and beautiful species of cherry is one of the most valuable of American trees. The wood is compact, fine-grained, and of a brilliant reddish color, not liable to warp, or shrink and swell with atmospheric changes; extensively employed by cabinet-makers for every species of furnishing. It is exceedingly durable, hence is valuable for fencing, building, etc. Richly deserves a place in the lawn or timber plantation. BIRD CHERRY-C. Pennsylvanica.-Is a small northern species, common in the state and worthy of cultivation for ornament.

CHOKE CHERRY-C. Virginiana.-This diminutive tree is of little value, not worth the trouble of cultivation.

WILD PLUM-Prunus Americana.-The common wild plum when in full bloom is one of the most ornamental of small flowering trees, and as such should not be neglected. The fruit is rather agreeable, but not to be compared to fine cultivated varieties, which may be engrafted on the wild stock to the very best advantage. It is best to select small trees, and work them on the The grafts should be inserted about the middle of April.

roots.

The

HACKBERRY-Celtis Occidentalis.-This is an ornamental tree of medium size; wood hard, close-grained and elastic; makes the best of hoops, whip-stalks, and thills for carriages. Indians formerly made great use of the hackberry wood for their bows. A tree worthy of a lim

ited share of attention.

AMERICAN LINDEN OR BASSWOOD-Tilia Americana.—Is one of the finest ornamental trees for public grounds, parks, etc., but will not thrive where the roots are exposed to bruises; for this reason it is not adapted to planting along the streets of populous towns. The wood is light and tough, susceptible of being bent to almost any curve; durable if kept from the weather; takes paint well, and is considerably used in the arts; for fuel it is of little value. This tree will flourish in almost any moderately rich, damp soil; bears transplanting well; can be propagated readily from layers.

WHITE THORN-Crataegus Coccinea, and DOTTED THORN-C. Punctata.-These two species of thorn are found everywhere on the rich bottom lands. When in bloom they are beautiful, and should be cultivated for ornament. The wood is remarkably compact and hard, and were it not for the small size of the tree, would be valuable.

CRAB APPLE-Pyrus Coronaria.-This common small tree is attractive when covered with its highly fragrant rose-colored blossoms. Wood bod, fine, compact grain, but the tree is too small for the wood to be of much practical value. Well worthy of a place in extensive grounds. MOUNTAIN ASH-P. Americana.—This popular ornament to our yards is found growing in the northern part of the state and as far south as 43°. The wood is useless.

WHITE ASH-Fraxinus Acuminata.—Is a large, interesting tree, which combines utility with beauty in an eminent degree. The wood possesses strength, suppleness and elasticity, which renders it valuable for a great variety of uses. It is extensively employed in carriage manufacturing; for various agricultural implements; is esteemed superior to any other wood for oars; excellent for fuel. The white ash grows rapidly, and in open ground forms one of the most lovely trees that is to be found. The foliage is clean and handsome, and in autumn turns from its bright green to a violet purple hue, which adds materially to the beauty of our autumnal sylvan scenery. It is richly deserving our especial care and protection, and will amply repay all labor and expense bestowed on its cultivation.

BLACK ASH-F Sambucifolia.—This is another tall, graceful and well-known species of ash. The wood is used for making baskets, hoops, etc.; when thoroughly dry, affords a good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy situations, where more useful trees will not thrive.

BLACK WALNUT-Juglans Nigra.-This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands claims special attention for its valuable timber. It is among the most durable and beautiful of American woods; susceptible of a fine polish; not liable to shrink and swell by heat and moisture. It is extensively employed by the cabinet-makers for every variety of furniture. Walnut forks, are frequently found which rival in richness and beauty the far-famed mahogany. This tree, in favorable situations, grows rapidly; is highly ornamental, and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts.

BUTTERNUT J. Cinerea.-This species of walnut is not as valuable as the above, yet for its beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion of attention. The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it otherwise might be applied. When grown near streams, or on moist side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts. It grows rapidly.

SHELL-BARK HICKORY-Carya Alba.-This, the largest and finest of American hickories, grows abundantly throughout the state. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest strength and tenacity of any of our indigenous trees, and is used for a variety of purposes, but, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the shell-bark hickory stands unrivaled. The tree is ornamental and produces every alternate year an ample crop of the best of nuts.

SHAG-BARK HICKORY-C. Inclata.—Is a magnificent tree, the wood of which is nearly as valuable as the above. The nuts are large, thick-shelled and coarse, not to be compared to the

C. alba. A rare tree in Wisconsin; abundant further south.

PIGNUT HICKORY-C. Glabra.-This species possesses all the bad and but few of the good qualities of the shell-bark. The nuts are smaller and not so good. The tree should be preserved and cultivated in common with the shell-bark. Not abundant.

BITTERNUT-C. Amara.-Is an abundant tree, valuable for fuel, but lacking the strength and elasticity of the preceding species. It is, however, quite as ornamental as any of the hickories. RED BEECH-Fagus Ferruginea.-This is a common tree, with brilliant, shining light-green leaves, and long, flexible branches. It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, close-grained and compact. It is much used for plane-stocks, tool handles, etc., and as an article of fuel is nearly equal to maple. WATER BEECH-Carpinus Americana.-Is a small tree, called hornbeam by many. wood is exceedingly hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost useless.

The

IRON WOOD-Ostrya Virginica.-This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably slow growth. The wood possesses valuable properties, being heavy and strong, as the name would indicate; yet, from its small size, it is of but little use.

BALSAM POPLAR-Populus Candicans.-This tree is of medium size, and is known by several names: Wild balm of Gilead, cottonwood, etc. It grows in moist, sandy soil, on river bottoms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts. It grows more rapidly than any other of our trees; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine inches in diameter, and makes a beatiful shade tree-the most ornamental of poplars. The wood is soft, spongy, and nearly useless.

QUAKING ASPEN-P. Tremuloides.-Is a well-known, small tree. It is rather ornamental, but scarcely worth cultivating.

LARGE ASPEN-P. Grandidentata.-Is the largest of our poplars. It frequently grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of two and one-half feet. The wood is soft, easily split, and used for frame buildings. It is the most durable of our poplars.

COTTON WOOD-P. Monolifera.-This is the largest of all the poplars; abundant on the Mississippi river. Used largely for fuel on the steamboats. The timber is of but little use in the arts.

SYCAMORE OR BUTTONWOOD-Platanus Occidentalis.—This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is found growing only on the rich alluvial river bottoms. The tree is readily known, even at a considerable distance, by its whitish smooth branches. The foliage is large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known. The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly; on these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish. As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit.

CANOE BIRCH-Betula Papyracea.-Is a rather elegant and interesting tree. It grows abundantly in nearly every part of the state. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible of a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but little used in the mechanical arts. For fuel it is justly prized. It bears transplanting without difficulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark of this tree.

CHERRY BIRCH-B. Lenta.—This is a rather large, handsome tree, growing along streams. Leaves and bark fragrant. Wood, fine-grained, rose-colored; used largely by the cabinet

makers.

YELLOW BIRCH-B. Lutea.—This beautiful tree occasionally attains a large size. It is highly ornamental, and is of value for fuel; but is less prized than the preceding species for cabinet work.

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE-Gymnocladus Canadensis.-This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green county. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue; is exceedingly durable, and well worth cultivating.

JUNE BERRY-Amelanchier Canadensis.-Is a small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in early spring, at which time it is in full bloom. The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white blossoms.

WHITE PINE-Pinus Strous.-This is the largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines. The wood is soft, free from resin, and works easily. It is extensively employed in the mechanical arts. It is found in great profusion in the northern parts of the state. This species is readily known by the leaves being in fives. It is highly ornamental, but in common with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting. Only small plants should be moved.

NORWAY OR RED PINE-P. Resinosa, and YELLOW PINE-P. Mitis.-These are two large trees, but little inferior in size to the white pine. The wood contains more resin, and is consequently more durable. The leaves of both these species are in twos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly manufactured from these two varieties and the white pine. The extensive pineries of the state are rapidly diminishing.

SHRUB PINE-P. Banksiana.-Is a small, low tree; only worthy of notice here for the ornamental shade it produces. It is found in the northern sections of the state.

BALSAM FIR-Abies Balsamea.-This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood is of but

little value The balsam of fir, or Canadian balsam, is obtained from this tree.

DOUBLE SPRUCE—A. Nigra.—This grows in the same localities with the balsam fir, and assumes the same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light and possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the best materials for yards and topmasts for shipping. It is extensively cultivated for ornament.

It is gracefully orna

HEMLOCK-A. Canadensis.-The hemlock is the largest of the genus. mental, but the wood is of little value. The bark is extensively employed in tanning. TAMARACK—Larix Americana.—This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the state. It is not quite an evergreen It drops its leaves in winter, but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable and valuable for a variety of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees would not thrive.

ARBOR VITE-Thuja Occidentalis.-This tree is called the white or flat cedar. It grows abundantly in many parts of the state. The wood is durable, furnishing better fence posts than Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees. A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear transplanting better than most evergreens. It will grow on most soils if sufficiently damp.

any other tree, excepting the red cedar.

RED CEDAR - Juniperus Virginiana. — Is a well known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts that "last forever." The wood is highly fragrant, of a rich red color, and fine grained; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses. It should be extensively cultivated.

DWARF JUNIPER-J. Sabina. —This is a low trailing shrub. Is considerably prized for ornament. Especially worthy of cultivation in large grounds.

SASSAFRAS-Sassafras officinale. Is a small tree of fine appearance, with fragrant leaves bark. Grows in Kenosha county. Should be cultivated.

WILLOWS.-There are many species of willows growing in every part of the state, several of which are worthy of cultivation near streams and ponds.

WHITE WILLOW-Salix alba.—Is a fine tree, often reaching sixty feet in height. The wood is soft, and makes the best charcoal for the manufacture of gun-powder. Grows rapidly.

BLACK WILLOW - S. Nigra.— This is also a fine tree, but not quite so large as the foregoing. It is used for similar purposes.

There are many shrubs and vines indigenous to the state worthy of note. I shall, however, call attention to only a few of the best.

DOGWOODS.

There are several species found in our forests and thickets. All are ornamental when covered with a profusion of white blossoms. I would especially recommend: corus sericea, C. stolonifera, C. paniculata, and C. alternifolia. All these will repay the labor of transplanting to ornamental grounds.

VIBURNUMS. These are very beautiful. We have viburnum lentago, V. prunifolium, V. nudum, V. dentatum, V. pubescens, V. acerifolium, V. pauciflorum, and V. opulus. The last is known as the cranberry tree, and is a most beautiful shrub when in bloom, and also when covered with its red, acid fruit. The common snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety of the V. opulus.

WITCH HAZEL-Hamamelis Virginica.—Is an interesting, tall shrub that flowers late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and matures the fruit the next summer. It deserves more attention than it receives.

Burning Bush - Euonymus atropurpureus. This fine shrub is called the American strawberry, and is exceedingly beautiful when covered with its load of crimson fruit, which remains during winter.

SUMACH-Rhus typhina. — Is a tall shrub, 11 known, but seldom cultivated. When well grown it is ornamental and well adapted for planting in clumps.

HOP TREE-Ptclea trifoliata. — This is a showy shrub with shining leaves, which should be cultivated. Common in rich, alluvial ground.

BLADDER NUT- Staphylea trifolia. - Is a fine, upright, showy shrub, found sparingly all over the state. Is ornamental, with greenish striped branches and showy leaves.

VINES.

VIRGINIA CREEPER-Ampelopsis quinquefolia.-This is a noble vine, climbing extensively by disc-bearing tendrils, so well known as to require no eulogy. Especially beautiful in its fall colors.

- Celastrus scandens.

BITTER SWEET Is a stout twining vine, which would be an ornament to any grounds. In the fall and early winter it is noticeable for its bright fruit. Common. YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE- · Lonicera flava. — Is a fine native vine, which is found climbing over tall shrubs and trees. Ornamental. There are several other species of honeysuckle; none, however, worthy of special mention.

FROST GRAPE-Vita cordifolia. This tall-growing vine has deliciously sweet blossoms, which perfume the air for a great distance around. For use as a screen, this hardy species will be found highly satisfactory.

FAUNA OF WISCONSIN.

By P. R. HOY, M.D.

FISH AND FISH CULTURE.

Fish are cold blooded aquatic vertebrates, having fins as organs of progression. They have a two-chambered heart; their bodies are mostly covered with scales, yet a few are entirely naked, like catfish and eels; others again are covered with curious plates, such as the sturgeon. Fish inhabit both salt and fresh water. It is admitted by all authority that fresh-water fish are more universally edible than those inhabiting the ocean. Marine fish are said to be more highly flavored than those inhabiting fresh waters; an assertion I am by no means prepared to admit. As a rule, fish are better the colder and purer the water in which they are found, and where can you find those ccnditions more favorable than in the cold depths of our great lakes? We have tasted, under the most favorable conditions, about every one of the celebrated salt-water fish, and can say that whoever eats a whitefish just taken from the pure, cold water of Lake Michigan will have no reason to be envious of the dwellers by the sea.

Fish are inconceivably prolific; a single female deposits at one spawn from one thousand to one million eggs, varying according to species.

Fish afford a valuable article of food for man, being highly nutritious and easy of digestion; they abound in phosphates, hence are valuable as affording nutrition to the osseous and nervous system, hence they have been termed, not inappropriately, brain food-certainly a very desirable article of diet for some people. They are more savory, nutritious and easy of digestion when just taken from the water; in fact, the sooner they are cooked after being caught the better. No fish should be more than a few hours from its watery element before being placed upon the table. For convenience, I will group our fish into families as a basis for what I shall offer. Our bony fish,