Integrated Disinfection Design Framework

application AWWA Research Foundation AWWARF calculated Chick chloramine chlorine dioxide contactor hydraulics Cryptosporidium CT tables decay rate demand and decay described design and operation determined disinfectant chemistry disinfectant concentration disinfectant decay disinfectant demand disinfectant residual decay disinfection contactor disinfection design framework disinfection efficiency disinfection kinetics disinfection rate disinfection studies disinfection system dose drinking water Equation example Finch first-order Giardia cysts Guidance Manual Haas hydraulic model hydrodynamics IDDF approach IDDF model immediate demand inactivation curves inactivation data integrated disinfection design kinetic model kstar log inactivation Mathcad mathematical method method of moments mg/L microorganisms minutes modified Hom model monochloramine nonlinear regression oxidant parameter estimates plug flow plug flow reactor pulse input test rate law reactor regression analysis residence time distribution sample sequential disinfectants step input sum of squares Surface Water Treatment survival ratio SWTR tion tracer tracer concentration tracer studies utilities water disinfection water quality Water Treatment Rule Willamette River