...First, does Article 11.8 extend the precautionary principle to human health? The wording is clumsy: "adverse effects of a living modified organism on...biological diversity in the party of import, taking into account risks to human health". Clearly this applies the precautionary principle to biological...

...management decisions based on the risk assessments (Art. 16). • The right to take a decision without scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant...regarding the extent of the potential adverse effects of an LMO on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in the Party of import, taking...

...Biological Diversity. Under the Protocol, although there is a lack of "scientific certainty" because of "insufficient relevant scientific information and...regarding the extent of the potential adverse effects," a government may act to "avoid or minimize" the "potential adverse effects."88 The goal, scope and...

...risks to hnman health, and specifically focusing on transhoundary movements.' Articles 1016l and 1118l: 'Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient...extent of the potential adverse effects of a living Party of imporr, taking also into account risks to hnman health, shall HOE prevent that Party from...

...into the international treaty known as the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol in the following language: "Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient...information and knowledge regarding the extent of potential adverse effects of a living modified organism on the conservation and sustainable use of...

...Without using the phrase 'precautionary principle' or 'approach,' Articles 10.6 and 11.8 state that 'lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge (...) shall not prevent [a] Party from taking a decision, as appropriate, with regard to the import...

...precautionary principle in the Protocol empowers countries to prevent the import of LMOs, even if there is a lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge concerning the extent of the possible adverse effects of an LMO in the Party of import. The Preamble...

...'in accordance' with Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration, and, to that end, the Protocol affirms that 'lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient...the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity' shall 224 Governing Council Decision 15/27 (1989). 225 Art. 4(3)(f). not prevent a party...

...for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat." Cartagena Protocol (2000) Article 10, 6: "Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient...the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. . .shall not prevent that party from taking a decision... in order to avoid or minimize...

...can refuse shipments of GM crops even though there is a "[l]ack of scientific certainty due to the insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge...the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity." The Protocol belongs in my weak category because such refusal is optional; parties can...