ectly with the teachings of the most eminent s of temperance (as contra-distinguished from e days of Dr. Benjamin Rush, of revolutionary the Temperance Society under Dr. Crosby's ce on to the period of scientific investigations Committee of Fifty. But no American pror known to mention at these international nificent work of the latter body of eminent O, would be contrary to prohibitory practices. xpect prohibitionists to approach European receptive state of mind? Indeed, Americans deal from European conditions and the conf the drink question, as this Italian case shows, sses the subjects of consideration principally indicates, to alcoholism-i.e. to the abuse, not ntoxicants-and therefore the meetings are the nd of the extremists of all nations. In Italy, an country, there are abstinence-societies, of are vegetarian clubs, and associations pledging chew tobacco), but their membership forms an -action of the population, yet naturally enough, minent part in these meetings. There are also in her country, physicians and scientists who dise, however moderate, of any intoxicants; but ns, particularly in Germany and France, have er is exceedingly small as compared with the sts who regard the moderate use of mild alcoeing conducive to human health and happiness,

not da

defecti die an preven consum

fame fo

betwee its phas will nev

perceive

defective or perverted persons out of every million of the popul die annually of alcoholism, the entire Italian people shoul prevented by law from drinking wine-a beverage which they consumed daily during many centuries and yet earned world fame for their sobriety. This is the salient point of the cor between the American and the European reform movement its phases—a contrast which, it is to be feared, American agit will never willingly admit, although they are too intelligent r perceive and understand it.

In order to illustrate this apprehension an incident, unconn with the Milan Congress, may not be out of place. In the York Times of the 14th of October, 1913, it is stated tha Crafts, the famous prohibitionist, on returning to America fr tour abroad, stated that "Germany is away ahead of Ameri some forms of temperance." Dr. Crafts' observations cann gainsaid, if temperance be construed in the rational sense o word. The German people, who as a whole are very temp in their drinking-habits, should indeed be congratulated upon successful efforts to suppress all those excesses to which they of certain classes were addicted during the short period of lectual "storm and stress" which lies between the time o scholastic restraint and iron discipline of the "Gymnasium” an entry upon the serious duties of their chosen avocations. A m change for the better is noticable in this respect throughout Gerr and a large part of the credit for this belongs to the different go ments; but all this is accomplished by moral suasion and r tention of forbidding or hindering the proper use of hea

33

ropriate to ask why he should point them out, destroy his entire stock in trade accumulated arduous labors.

eaned from another field, also tends to confirm merica might indeed learn from European s evidently intended-if the men delegated to eetings, instead of helping to propagate the inseparable from zealotism, would study imstory and present condition of the foreign - are paid to visit.

his same Dr. Crafts headed the American is reports show, he neither saw nor heard hat could shake his convictions that alcohol in cider or spirits) and consumed in any quantity, ust lead to the physical and moral destruction tions.

that his successor, Mr. Dinwiddie, will differ cular. No matter what the past history and the Italian people may teach to other men, they will prove nothing except the correct, his "ceterum censeo❞—alcohol must go.

problem. The result of their labors, extending over five is the above book, which bears the sub-title "Considerations anti-social influences caused by the use of intoxicating li together with proposals for systematic means of combating in Sweden."

As is well known, Sweden has long been the exponent vanced temperance legislation. Its "riksdag," or parliament tains a very strong representation of men who are total absta if not full-fledged prohibitionists. That it voted to sub the work of the Swedish physicians is therefore strong evide public faith in their knowledge and impartiality. For this r as well as because of its intrinsic merit, the findings of the under consideration are of world-wide interest to those cond with the truth about the much controverted liquor question. fortunately, the work has not yet been translated into Er There is thus the greatest reason for reproducing brief leading utterances and conclusions. In the following so them will be summarized and others translated in full. Exp tions or remarks by the compiler have been put in parenthe distinguish them from the text. All the italics used are fou the original.

Chapter I.

The Alcohol Question. A Question of General Hygiene of the U The Attitude of Physicians Toward it.

Importance.

A more objective and impartial view of the whole problem is emphatically needed. Even a superficial knowled the concepts appearing in the literature of the last decade, a

orough understanding of the extent of the king; the different types of alcoholics are not , and the extent of the injury they do themonly superficially ascertained. The developn individuals and the social and individual to it have not been made the object of study. is a social disease it must be owned that our exceedingly imperfect, both in regard to its nifestations as well as in regard to its course. trument delegated to study the phenomena manifold conditions associated with them. -basis is at hand which may inspire to new wing up of the effects of those adopted against

perance movement touches a side of modern to be made the object of exact investigations, ental nature. Here as well as in other fields e measures proposed should be preceded by a not only of the social phenomena, the evils eform efforts, but also of the circumstances these phenomena. Without such knowledge present evil, patent to all, is being suppressed, which are more difficult to detect and perhaps

mpaign of education, the modern temperance on the authority of physicians and scientists, h certain opinions about the injurious effects

consi only. persp