FINAL PROTOCOL OF THE CONFERENCE FOR THE REVISION OF THE GENEVA CONVENTION
The conference convened by the Swiss Federal Council with a view to the revision of the international Convention of August 22, 1864, for the amelioration of the condition of soldiers wounded in the field, met at Geneva on June 11, 1906. The powers hereinafter enumerated took part in the conference, for which they had named the following delegates:
[Names of countries and delegates.]
In a series of meetings held between the 11th of June and the 5th of July, 1906, the conference discussed and decided upon the text of a convention to bear date of July 6, 1906, for submission to the plenipotentiaries for their signatures.
In addition thereto, and in conformity with article 16 of the convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes of the 29th of July 1899, which has recognized arbitration as the most efficacious, and at the same time the most equitable means of settling litigations which have not been determined through the diplomatic channels, the conference has expressed the following vau:
The conference expresses the hope that, to reach an interpretation and an application as exact as possible of the Convention of Geneva, the contracting powers shall submit to the Permanent Court of The Hague, if the case or the circumstances lend themselves thereto, the differences which in time of peace may be raised between them in relation to the interpretation of the said convention.
This vœu was voted for by the following States:
Germany, Argentine Republic, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Congo, Denmark, Spain (ad referendum), United States of America, United States of Brazil, France, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Norway, the Netherlands, Peru, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, and Uruguay.
The vau was rejected by the following States:
Korea, Great Britain, and Japan.
In faith whereof the delegates have signed the present protocol. Done at Geneva, the sixth day of July, one thousand nine hundred and six, in a single copy, which shall remain in the archives of the Swiss Confederation and certified copies of which shall be delivered to the contracting parties through diplomatic channels.
Project of an International Declaration Concerning the Laws and
Customs of War, adopted by the Conference of Brussels, August
27, 1874.
Geneva Convention of 1864.
Additional articles of 1868.
Geneva Convention of 1906.
Hague Conference of 1899.
Hague Conference of 1907.
Convention regarding Hospital Ships, signed at The Hague, De-
cember 21, 1904
General Orders No. 100 or Instructions for the Government of
Armies of the United States in the Field, April 24, 1863. .Com-
piled by Francis Lieber.
modified (appears where articles of H.C. 1907 are modified forms of
same articles in H.C. 1899).
new (appears where articles are new in H.C. 1907, though the con-
ventions in which they appear are revised from H.C. 1899).
Law of War on Land ("Oxford Manual"), 1880.
Declaration of Paris, 1856.
revised (appears after conventions of H.C. 1907 which were revised
from those of H.C. 1899).
Declaration of St. Petersburg, 1868.
The Roman numerals in the references to H.C. 1899 and H.C. 1907
refer to the numbers of the conventions as given in the final acts,
pp. 18 and 135.
The Arabic numerals in italics refer to the article numbers of the
various conventions.
Abuse of distinctive badges of Geneva
Convention is forbidden, D.B. XIII.
(f), 384
Abuse, of flag of truce is forbidden, D.B.
XIII. (f), 384; of his position by bearer
of flag of truce subjects him to deten-
tion, O.M. II. 30, 393; of uniform of
enemy is forbidden, D.B. XIII. (f), 384
Acknowledgment of rebel government is
not implied by adopting rules of war
in treating with rebels, L. X. 152, L.
X. 153, 374, 375
Act, Final, of the Peace Conference of
1899, 6; Final, of the Peace Confer-
ence of 1907, 112; to remind disputants
of the existence of permanent court
of arbitration is a friendly, H.C. 1899.
I. 27, 34; H.C. 1907. I. 48, 175; neu-
tral power using rights secured to it by
HC 1907. XIII.; is not committing an
unfriendly, H.C. 1907. XIII. 26, 327;
powers, strangers to dispute, offering
mediation even during the course of
hostilities, are not committing an un-
friendly, H.C. 1899. II. 3, 25; H.C.
1907. I. 3. 157
Acts enacted by countries concerning
status of belligerent war ships should
be notified to all powers signatory to
convention, H.C. 1907. XIII. 27, 328
Adaptation to naval war of the. principles
of the Geneva Convention, Convention
for the, H.C. 1899. III. 18, 71; H.C.
1907. X. (r), 136, 267; ratified (note),
281
Additional Articles of 1868 (ie., to Ge-
neva Convention of 1864), 378
Adhesion of non-signatory states to First
Peace Conference conventions, Neth-
erland minister to secretary of state,
arranging for, 110; Russian ambassa-
dor to secretary of state, regarding,
106; special arrangements in H.C.
1899. I regarding, H.C. 1899. I. 60, 44
Adjustment of international differences,
convention for peaceful, H.C. 1899.
I. 18, 21
Administration of territory, occupant of
enemy country can levy additional
money taxes only for army needs and
for, H.C. 1899. II. a. 49, 67; H.C.
1907. IV. a. 49, 226
Administration, services by neutral in
police or civil administration are not
unneutral acts, H.C. 1907. V. 18, 236
Administrative council at The Hague,
permanent, composed of diplomatic
representatives of the powers, H.C.
1899. I. 28, 34; controls international
bureau, H.C. 1899. I. 28, 34; duties of,
H.C. 1899. I. 28, 34; H.C. 1907. I. 49
(m), 175; fulfills same duties for inter-
national prize court as for permanent
court of arbitration, H.C. 1907. XII.
22, 300; fulfills same duties for judicial
arbitration court as for permanent
of arbitration, H.C. 1907. a. 12, 146
Administrator, occupant of enemy terri-
tory is only provisional administrator
of real property, buildings, forests, etc.,
of enemy state, O.M. II. 52, 396
Adoption of rules of war in dealing with
rebels does not imply recognition of
their government, L. X. 152, 374; L.
X. 153, 375
Adoption of rules of war in dealing with
rebels does not prevent trial of leaders
for treason, L. X. 154, 375
Advice, good offices and mediation have
exclusively the character of, H.C. 1899.
I. 6, 25
Aeronauts are prisoners of war, O.M.
II. 20, 392; are not spies, O.M. II. 23,
Agents, parties may appoint agents be-
fore international prize court, H.C.
1907. XII. 25, 300; permanent court
of arbitration, H.C. 1899. I. 37, 38;
H.C. 1907. I. 62, 180
Agreements between belligerents must
not be broken, L. I. 11, 352; concern-
ing sick and wounded may be entered
into, special, G.C. 1906. 2, 404
Agricultural works Felonging to the state,
treatment of, H.C. 1899. II. a. 55, 69
Aid in caring for wounded, neutrality
guaranteed to inhabitants who, G.C.
1864. V. 377; G.C. 1868. Ad. IV. 378;
O.M. II. 17, 392
Aid societies, volunteer, are protected
when under military regulations, G.C.
1906. 10, 405; material is private
property but may be requisitioned,
G.C. 1906. 16, 406; names of societies
on each side must be notified to other
belligerent, G.C. 1906. 10, 405; neu-
tral societies can lend aid to one bellig-
erent if other is notified, G.C. 1906. II,
405; personnel of societies may con-
tinue operations after falling into hands
of enemy, G.C. 1906. 12, 405; person-
nel no longer needed will be sent back
to their army or country, G.C. 1906.
12, 405.
Allegiance, during rebellion, demanding
oath of, L. X. 156, 375
Allegiance to occupying enemy, inhabi-
tants of occupied territory need not
swear, D.B. XXXVII. 387; O.M. II.
47, 395; H.C. 1907. IV. a. 45, 226;
local magistrates may be compelled to
take oath of, L. I. 26, 355.
Ambassador, during martial law, L. I.
9, 352; secretary of state to Russian,
acknowledging note of Russia offering
to call second conference, 99; secre-
tary of state to Russian, objecting to
date proposed for second conference
because of conflict with Rio de Janeiro
conference, 101; to secretary of state,
Russian, gives list of reservations to
programme proposed by powers, 108;
to secretary of state, Russian, regard-
ing adhesion of states not present at
first conference to first conventions,
106; to secretary of state, Russian,
suggests programme, for second confer-
ence, 103; when he may receive safe-
conduct, L. V. 87, 365
Ambulances are neutral, O.M. II. 35,
394; except when held by military
force, G.C. 1864. I. 376; O.M. II. 37,
3943 this does not preclude police
force, O.M. II. 37, 394
Ambulances include field hospitals, G.C.
1868. Ad. III. 378
Ambulances may retain equipment upon
withdrawing, G.C. 1864. IV. 377;
O.M. II. 38, 394
Ambulances must fly national flag with
red cross flag, O.M. II. 40, 394
Ambulances shall adopt flag and brassard,
red cross on white ground, G.C. 1864.
VII. 377; O.M. II. 40, 394
Ambulances, staff of ambulances is neu-
tral, G.C. 1864. II. 376; may remain
after occupation by enemy, G.C. 1864.
III. 376; G.C. 1868. Ad. I. 378;
O.M. II. 12, 391; O.M. II. 13, 391;
O.M. II. 14 (time of departure), 391
Amelioration of the condition of the sick
and wounded of armies in the field,
convention for the, G.C. 1864. 376;
G.C. 1906. 402
America, United States of, reservation to
H.C. 1899. I. 90; H.C. 1907. I. 340
American soldier in hostile country pun-
ishable at home, crimes by an, L. II.
47, 359
Ammunition, neutral state cannot supply
ammunition to belligerent, H.C. 1907.
XIII. 6, 320
Amount of claim, award in arbitration of
contract debts shall determine, H.C.
1907. II. 2, 195
Anchored submarine mines must be laid
so as to secure safety of peaceful ship-
ping, H.C. 1907. VIII. 3, 253; must
become harmless as soon as they break
loose, H.C. 1907. VIII. 1, 253
Annual report of judicial arbitration
court shall be made to powers and
judges, H.C. 1907. a. 15, 147
Apothecaries are not prisoners of war,
L. III. 53, 360
Appeal to international prize court de-
cided by local law, after decision of
national prize court method of, H.C.
1907. XII. 6, 293; of other parties,
H.C. 1907. XII. 33, 304; respondent
receives copy of, H.C. 1907. XII. 32,
304
Arbitral award, report of international
commission of inquiry is not an, H.C.
1899. I. 14, 28; H.C. 1907. I. 35, 168
Arbitration, compulsory, H.C. 1907 ad-
mits principle of, H.C. 1907. 137
Arbitration court, judicial, Vou concern-
ing, H.C. 1907. 139; competency and
procedure of, H.C. 1907. a. 148; con-
tracting powers only may apply to,
H.C. 1907. a. 21, 150; costs, how paid,
H.C. 1907. a. 29, 152; court follows
rules in H.C. 1907. I., except so far as
this convention provides, H.C. 1907.
a. 22, 150; court may deal with all
cases submitted in virtue of special or
general treaties, H.C. 1907. a. 17, 148;
decision is made by majority, H.C.
1907. a. 27, 152; is signed by presi-
dent and registrar, H.C. 1907. a. 28,
152; must contain names of judges
taking part, H.C. 1907. a. 28, 152;
must give reasons, H.C. 1907. a. 28,
152; delegation can decide cases by
summary procedure, H.C. 1907. a.
18, 148; each party nominates a judge
to the, H.C. 1907. a. 20, 150; if acting
as commission of inquiry, each party
may nominate any person to the, H.C.
1907. a. 20, 150; may draw up com-
promis if parties agree, H.C. 1907. a.
19, 149; or in case of dispute governed
by general treaty, H.C. 1907. a. 19, 149;
or in case of dispute originating from
contract debts, H.C. 1907. a. 19, 149;
may hold inquiry, H.C. 1907. a. 18,
148; method of voting in, H.C. 1907.
a. 30, 153; discussions are under con-
trol of presiding officer, H.C. 1907. a.
26, 152; expenses of the court are
borne by the powers, H.C. 1907. a. 31,
153; international bureau serves as
channel for communications to judges,
H.C. 1907. a. 24, 151; languages to be
used, court determines, H.C. 1907. a.
23, 151; modifications to present con-
vention, court may propose, H.C. 1907.
a. 33, 153; notices to be served, how,
H.C. 1907. a. 25, 151; procedure,
court draws up its own, H.C. 1907. a.
32, 153; proceedings are secret, H.C.
1907. a. 27, 152; constitution of the,
H.C. 1907. a. 1, 141; administrative
council of permanent court of arbi-
tration exercises same functions with
respect to judicial court of arbitration,
H.C. 1907. a. 12, 146; agreement to
constitute, H.C. 1907. a. I, 141; an-
nual report shall be made to powers
and judges, H.C. 1907. a. 15, 147;
delegation, organization of the, H.C.
1907. a. 6, 143; international bureau
acts as registry to court, H.C. 1907. a.
13, 146; judges and deputy judges,
character of, H.C. 1907. a. 2, 142;
judges and deputy judges, method of
ranking, H.C. 1907. a. 4, 143; judges
and deputy judges shall serve 12 years,
H.C. 1997. a. 3, 142; judges can not be
counsel for party before the court, H.C.
1907. a. 7, 144; judges can not decide
cases in which they have previously
taken part, H.C. 1907. a. 7, 144;
judges, compensation for, H.C. 1907.
a. 9, 145; judges enjoy diplomatic
privileges, H.C. 1907. a. 5, 143; judges
may also be judges of international
prize court, H.C. 1907. a. 16, 147;
judges receive no compensation from
own or other government, H.C. 1997.
a. 10, 145; judges required to take
oath, H.C. 1907. a. 5, 143; meetings
of court, H.C. 1907. a. 14, 147; presi-
dent of court, how elected, H.C. 1907.
a. 8, 144; sits at The Hague, H.C.
1907. a. II, 146; sits elsewhere with
consent of parties, H.C. 1907. a. II,
146; vacancy, manner of filling, H.C.
1907. a. 3, 142; disputes of certain
kinds are submissible without restric-
tion to, H.C. 1907. 137
Arbitration, international, H.C. 1899. I.
28; H.C. 1907. I. 169; and see Arbi-
tration procedure, international arbi-
tration system, international commis-
sions of inquiry, international prize
court, judicial arbitration court, per-
manent arbitration court, summary
arbitration procedure; is most effect-
ive in questions of a legal nature and
in the interpretation of international
conventions, H.C. 1899. I. 16, 29;
H.C. 1907. I. 38, 169; object of inter-
national, H.C. 1899. I. 15, 28; H.C.
1907. I. 37, 169; of contract debts,
award shall determine validity, amount,
and time of payment of claim in, H.C.
1907. II. 2, 195
Arbitration, permanent court of, see Ad-
ministrative council; arbitrators, each
power shall select four, H.C. 1899. I.
23, 31; H.C. 1907. I. 44, 171; death
of judge, vacancy shall be filled in
manner of election in case of, H.C.
1899. I. 23, 32; H.C. 1907. I. 44, 172;
and for fresh period of six years, H.C.
1907. I. 44 (m), 172; international
bureau, see international bureau; dis-
putant can address note indicating
willingness to arbitrate to, H.C. 1907.
I. 48 (n), 175; is at disposal of any
board of arbitration, H.C. 1899. I. 26,
33; H.C. 1907. I. 47 (m), 174; shall
be record office of court, H.C. 1899. I.
22, 30; H.C. 1907. I. 43, 171; judge,
several powers may select the same,
H.C. 1899. I. 23, 32; H.C. 1907. I. 44,
172; judges, enrollment of, H.C. 1899.
I. 23, 31; H.C. 1907. I. 44 (m), 172;
maintenance of, H.C. 1907. I. 41 (m),
170; members have diplomatic im-
munities, H.C. 1899. I. 24, 33; H.C.
1907. I. 46, 174; method of calling,
H.C. 1899. I. 24, 33; H.C. 1907. I. 46
(m), 173; method of forming, H.C.
1899. I. 24, 32; H.C. 1907. I. 45 (m),
172; non-signatory powers may take
advantage of the court by agreement,
H.C. 1899. I. 26, 33; H.C. 1907. I. 47
(m), 174; organization of court under-
taken, H.C. 1899. I. 20, 30; perma-
nent court shall be competent unless
special tribunal is created, H.C. 1899.
I. 21, 30; H.C. 1907. I. 42, 170; sits
at The Hague, H.C. 1907. I. 43 (n),
171; six years is term of judges, H.C.
1899. I. 23, 32; H.C. 1907. I. 44, 172;
third power may remind disputants of
existence of, H.Č. 1899. I. 27, 34; H.C.
1907. I. 48 (m), 174; this is not an un-
friendly act, H.C. 1899. I. 27, 34; H.C.
1907. I. 48, 175; powers should have
recourse to international, H.C. 1907.
I. 38 (n), 169
Arbitration procedure, agents and coun-
sel may be retained by each party be-
fore the tribunal, H.C. 1899. I. 37, 38;
H.C. 1907. I. 62, 180; arbitrator, se-
lection of, H.C. 1899. I. 32, 36; H.C.
1907. I. 55, 179; arbitration procedure
when sovereign is arbitrator, H.C.
1899. I. 33, 37; H.C. 1907. I. 56, 179;
award of tribunal binds only powers
signing compromis, H.C. 1899. I. 56,
43; H.C. 1907. I. 84, 187; award of
tribunal is read in public, H.C. 1899.
I. 53, 42; H.C. 1907. I. 80, 186; may
be revised, if the right is reserved in the
compromis, H.C. 1899. I. 55, 42;
H.C. 1907. I. 83, 186; must give rea-
sons, H.C. 1899. I. 52, 41; H.C. 1907.
I. 79, 186; must have signature of all
members, H.C. 1899. I. 52, 41; must
have signature of president and regis-
trar, H.C. 1907. I. 79 (m), 186; puts
an end to dispute without appeal, H.C.
1899. I. 54, 42; H.C. 1907. I. 81, 186;
shall be referred to tribunal in case of
dispute as to execution, H.C. 1907. I.
82 (n), 186; commission forms tribu-
nal when it draws up compromis,
H.C. 1907. I. 58 (n), 180; compromis
defined, H.C. 1899. I. 31, 36; H.C.
1907. I. 52 (m), 177; is made by commis-
sion of five members if left to the court,
H.C. 1907. I. 54 (n), 179; permanent
court may, if both parties agree, settle,
H.C. 1907. I. 53 (n), 177; permanent
court may, at the request of one of the
disputants, settle compromis in case
of general arbitration treaty or dispute
on contract debts, H.C. 1907. I. 53 (n),
178; counsel may present arguments
orally, H.C. 1899. I. 45, 40; H.C. 1907.
I. 70, 183; counsel may raise objec-
tions, H.C. 1899. I. 46, 40; H.C. 1907.
I. 71, 183; death of arbitrator, posi-
tion filled in same manner as he was
elected, H.C. 1899. I. 35, 37; H.C.
1907. I. 59, 180; decision of tribunal
is by majority, H.C. 1899. I. 51, 41;
H.C. 1907. I. 78, 185; decision of tri-
bunal on objections raised by counsel
is final, H.C. 1899. I. 46, 40; H.C.
1907. I. 71, 183; deliberation of tribu-
nal is private, H.C. 1899. I. 51, 41;
and proceedings are secret, H.C. 1907.
I. 78 (m), 185; discussion, H.C. 1899.
I. 39, 38; H.C. 1907. I. 63, 182; close
of, H.C. 1899. I. 50, 41; H.C. 1907. I.
77, 185; how conducted, H.C. 1809. I.
41, 39; H.C. 1907. I. 66, 182; docu-
ments produced must be communi-
cated to opponent, H.C. 1899. I. 40,
39; certified copies of, H.C. 1907. I.
64 (m), 182; expenses of tribunal,
how borne, H.C. 1899. I. 57, 43; H.C.
1907. I. 85, 188; information, parties
agree to furnish all necessary, H.C.
1907. I. 75 (n), 184; intervening pow-
ers are bound by award, H.C. 1899. I.
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