REPORT

OF THE

COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION

FOR

THE YEAR 1891-'92.

VOLUME 1.

CONTAINING PART I.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

II

THE UNITED STATES

BUREAU OF EDUCATION.

Created as a Department March 2, 1867.

Made an Office of the Interior Department July 1, 1869.

COMMISSIONERS.

HENRY BARNARD, LL. D.,
March 14, 1867, to March 15, 1870.

JOHN EATON, Ph. D., LL. D.,

March 16, 1870, to August 5, 1886.

NATHANIEL H. R. DAWSON, L. H. D.,

August 6, 1886, to September 3, 1889.

WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D.,

September 12, 1889, to date.

EDUCATION OFPL

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

COMMISSIONER'S INTRODUCTION

Page.

XI

4

4

6

8

8

10

11

15

15

20

23

PART I.

CHAPTER I.-GENERAL CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF PUPILS OF ALL GRADES IN

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND INSTITUTIONS.

Number of pupils or students in all grades in both public and private schools

Where the secondary pupils are found.......

What per cent of the total population is under instruction.

What part of the school population is attending school..

Proportion of elementary, secondary, and higher pupils.

Proportion of public and of private instruction..

Higher students and population compared..

Public and private higher instruction.....

Distribution of students in professional schools.

Sex of secondary and higher students..

Number of female college students as compared with the population.

Sex of normal students.....

CHAPTER II-STATISTICS OF STATE COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEMS.

General summary..

General remarks upon the tables

Table 1.-Total population, school population, and adult male population..

Table 2.-Relation of school population to total population and to adult male population;

proportion of white school population of foreign birth or extraction; percentage of for-

eign born of total population...

Diagram 1.-Showing for each State the number of adult males to every 100 children of

school age in 1890..

Table 3.-Number of pupils enrolled at various periods, and relation of enrollment to school

population....

Table 4.-School enrollment of 1891-92, classified by sex, and compared with the enrollment

of the preceding year; per cent of the male and of the female school population enrolled.

Diagram 2.-Showing for each year of age from 5 to 18 the whole number enrolled in the com-

mon schools

Table 5.--Showing for each year of age from 5 to 18 the whole number of children and the

number enrolled in the common schools..

37

Diagram 3.-School enrollment compared with school population

38

Table 6.-School population of the United States and number of pupils enrolled each year

since 1870-71; per cent of school population enrolled in each geographic division

Diagram 4.-Showing the per cent of school population enrolled in the common schools....

Table 7.-Average daily attendance at various periods and its present relation to the aver

age attendance of the preceding year, to the enrollment and to school population.

Diagram 5.-Percentage of school population in attendance at school.

Table 8.-Aggregate number of days' schooling given to all pupils..

Diagram 7.-Average number of days' schooling given for every child 5 to 18 years of age,

by States

Page.

Diagram 9.-Number and sex of teachers..

Table 11.-Showing what per cent of the whole number of teachers are males.

Diagram 10.-Ratio of male teachers to whole number of teachers each year since 1870–71.

Changes in teaching force during the year

55

56

57

58

Table 12.-Teachers' examinations and certificates...

59

Table 13.-Education, previous experience, and continuous service of teachers

Table 14.-Salaries of superintendents and teachers

60

62

Table 18.-School revenue compared (1) with adult male population, and (2) with school

population.............

Table 19.-Progress of school expenditure.

Table 20.-School expenditure in 1891-92.

Table 21.-Expenditure per pupil; percentage analysis of expenditure

CHAPTER III.-EDUCATION IN FRANCE.

Brief view of the educational systems and operations in 1892

State faculties, proposed transformation..

Development of teaching functions....

CHAPTER IV.-ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND IN 1892.

Summary of educational statistics.

73

76

86

CHAPTER VI.-TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN GERMANY, AUSTRIA, AND SWITZERLAND.

Introduction

139

Historical review

141

Statistics of normal schools in Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland.

Views of normal-school men concerning the training of teachers.

Personal observations.

175

184

CHAPTER VII.-THE SWISS SCHOOL SYSTEM-AN HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL

CHAPTER IX.-SCHOOL MUSEUMS, EDUCATIONAL LIBRARIES, AND PERMANENT

EXHIBITIONS OF APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING.

History of educational collections

Educational collections of the present time.

239

241

CHAPTER XI.-SCHOOLS FOR RECRUITING THE CIVIL SERVICE IN FRANCE, AND AN

ACCOUNT OF THE CIVIL SERVICE REQUIREMENTS IN PRUSSIA.

FRANCE-Introduction

The polytechnic and affiliated schools

The national agricultural institute and affiliated schools.

Efforts toward a school of administration..

Conclusion.................

PRUSSIA-Introductory

General requirements

Judicial officers

Higher administrative offices.

Administration of the royal forests.

Page.

247

253

277

290

305

321

328

336

339

340

342

345

346

348

351

352

356

358

363

365

368