ice, the character of the personnel of which at that time left much to be desired. This section was opened to students in 1890.

Its object is the recruitment of the following administrations and colonial corps: Central administration of the ministry of the colonies; colonial magistrates; corps of the colonial commissariat; service of the bureaus of the general secretary of the government of Cochin-China; administration of native affairs of Cochin-China; the personnel of the resident officers in Cambodia, Annam, and at Tonkin; the corps of colonial administrators; the penitentiary administration at Guiana and New Caledonia. The duration of studies is three years, unless the student is a bachelor of law, in which case but two years are required. Students pay a tuition fee of 120 francs per year, and 160 francs for fencing and riding lessons, which are obligatory. Forty students are admitted each year. Candidates must be between the ages of 18 and 25 years, and are selected after a competitive examination. The course of instruction is as follows:

First year.-Foreign colonial systems (first part); French colonization (first part); history, customs, and religions of Indo-China; a course specially preparing for the colonial commissariat service; English language; Annamite language; Chinese characters.

Second year.-Foreign colonial systems (second part); French colonization (second part); legislation and administration of Indo-China; a course specially preparing for the colonial commissariat service; English language; Annamite language.

Third year.-Organization of the colonies; acclimatization and practical medicine; topography; accounts; ethnography; practical construction; colonial productions; legislation and administration of IndoChina; English language; Cambodian language.

Only those intending to adopt careers in Indo-China are required to follow the courses in the Eastern languages.

A considerable development is expected in the sphere of activities of this school; and in measure as it develops a separation will be made of the studies into groups corresponding to the different colonies and kinds of services.

Six scholarships, each bearing 1,200 francs, are offered in favor of students of the second and third year classes.

At the end of the third year the number of places at the disposal of graduates of the school are indicated to them. The students then select their places in the order of their standing at graduation. Since the first of January, 1892, three-fourths of the vacancies which have occurred in the services which have been enumerated have been reserved to students of this school.

Those admitted into the Government service are at first appointed to the position stage rétribué, with a salary of 2,400 francs, in Europe. Then as vacancies occur they are drafted into foreign administrative positions at increased salaries.

ED 92-26

SPECIAL SCHOOL OF MODERN ORIENTAL LANGUAGES.

École Spéciale des Langues Orientales Vivantes.-This school has been created in order to give instruction in modern oriental languages so as to prepare young men to fill the positions of consuls and interpreters in these countries. It is located at Paris and is under the administration of the minister of public instruction.

The courses are public and open to all. But the regular students intended for diplomatic and administrative positions must be between the ages of 16 and 24 and possess the title of bachelor of letters or bachelor of sciences.

The courses of studies last three years and consist of instruction in the following languages and subjects: Written Arabic, common Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Malayan and Javan, Armenian, modern Greek, Chinese, Japanese, Annamite, Hindostanese and Timoul, Russian, Roumanian languages; geography, history, and legislation of countries of the extreme East; geography, history, and legislation of Eastern countries under Mussulman dominion.

After the first year, scholarships may be awarded ranging in value from 250 to 1,200 francs. The graduates who are the most distinguished on account of their aptitude may be sent at the expense of the state to the countries whose languages they have learned, to perfect themselves in the use of these languages and to acquire a knowledge of the political and commercial interests of the countries.

During recent years 66 students have been graduated from this school, of which 12 were in 1887, 14 in 1888, 6 in 1889, 19 in 1890, and 15 in 1891.

SCHOOLS IN CONNECTION WITH THE NATIONAL MANUFACTURES.

As is well known, the French Government carries on as state enterprises the manufacture of various articles belonging to the decorative or fine arts department. Among these the most important are the manufacture of porcelain at Sèvres, the manufacture of Gobelin tapestry at Paris, the national manufacture of mosaics, and the manufacture of tapestry at Beauvais. In connection with these establishments, and for the purpose of recruiting more especially the artistworkmen required at these manufactories, the Government has estab lished at each apprenticeship schools in decorative art.

Of these the one at Sèvres is the most important. The instruction here lasts two years in a preparatory school, and two years in the first division and three years in the second division of a special school. The number of students is limited to 20. When admitted they must be at least 12 years old. They are selected preferably from among the children of employés of the manufactory. After the second year they receive a salary of 100 francs a year. In the special school, 300 francs

per year are paid in the first division and 600 francs per year in the second division (during the last year 1,000 francs).

The instruction relates to drawing, modeling, coloring, decorating, and the technique of the art of porcelain manufacture as practiced at Sèvres.

At the Gobelin manufactory students are received without examination in a preliminary course, where they compete for entrance into the school of tapestry. At the end of a year the successful ones are named apprentice students and receive a salary of 600 francs a year. They are next appointed apprentices at 900 francs and commence work in the factory itself. Starting from this moment until they are 20 years of age they follow during the winter the superior course at the academy. The school at the national manufactory of mosaics was founded in 1876. Its object is mainly to educate skillful workers in mosaics for private establishments, as only a few of the students are received in the national factory, whose entire force of artists numbers but 10. The instruction given is partly received at the School of Decorative Arts (Ecole des arts decoratifs), the school in connection with the Gobelin factory, and partly in the mosaic factory itself. The instruction lasts two years. During the second year the students receive 500 francs.

The instruction at Beauvais is organized on the same model as that at the Gobelin and Sèvres manufactories. Scholars are appointed, who must be at least 12 years old, to attend a preparatory course, and afterwards a superior course in connection with work in the factory.

With the foregoing we must terminate our consideration of the particular schools preparing for the civil service of France. Not that these schools which have been considered are the only ones preparing for the civil branch of government service. In a country where governmental duties are so varied and play so important a part in the industrial economy of the nation it is inevitable that the whole school system of the country should be in a measure affected, and there are a number of schools which have not been included in our survey which directly or indirectly prepare their students for government employ. But all those schools whose main object is such instruction have been considered. A large class of schools which have been omitted is that of schools which are to some extent connected with the military and naval services, though not constituting what we would call military or naval schools. In the United States we have but two schools where all military and naval instruction is given. In France, with its enormous standing army, and the great detail and efficiency to which each service has been brought, specialization has been carried to an extreme limit. There thus exists, in addition to numerous schools preparing each for a special branch of the service, schools for surgeons, for military and naval pharmacists, for administration of the army and navy, for veterinary surgeons, for mechanics and engineers of the war vessels, etc.; positions whose duties are mainly civil, though performed in connection

with the military and naval services. No little difficulty has been experienced by the writer in determining what schools should properly be treated in this paper.

It is hoped, however, that the main purpose of the paper, to give a broad idea of the general system of scholastic preparation for the service of the state in France has been accomplished.

We shall conclude our work with some account of the attempt, during several years successful, to maintain a civil academy in the more restricted meaning of the word, i. e., an academy giving instruction in national economy, public finance, administration, and in general the imparting of that information the possession of which is the sine qua non of enlightened statesmanship.

In many respects the history of this effort, though as yet unsuccessful in France, is the most interesting and instructive of any feature of the subject which we have been considering.

EFFORTS TOWARD A SCHOOL OF ADMINISTRATION.

In the foregoing schools the services to be recruited have, without exception, been such as require a special knowledge on the part of their employés. School after school has been created until all of the technical and scientific branches have been more or less well provided with special schools for the recruitment of their personnel. The service of administration, a service requiring not less of a higher and special training, has alone been left unprovided for at the present time. This has not been because France has not given considerable attention to the subject, but because the benefits, though they might be as great, do not admit of as clear a statement, and because such preliminary training can in a measure be acquired either in existing schools and colleges or after admittance to the service is obtained.

France has nevertheless made important efforts to fill this gap in the preparation for the service of the state, and on more than one occasion it has been proposed to crown her system of government schools by the creation of a special school of administration, in which students should be prepared for positions in the administrative departments and in the foreign diplomatic and consular services. Since the first creation of the Polytechnic, a school having special reference to the engineering services of the state, the creation of a similar school for the recruitment of administrative positions has been more or less discussed by educators and has been before the French legislature in one form or another. The idea finally assumed a definite form towards the end of the Government of July. A special commission appointed to inquire into the advisability of the establishment of such a school made a favorable report in 1847. After the revolution of 1848, a new commission made its report favoring such a school in the year of the revolution. As the result of this report M. Hippolyte Carnot, then the minister of public instruction, recommended, and March 8, 1848, the Government decreed,

"that there be established a school of administration destined for the recruitment of the various branches of administration, on the same plan as that of the Polytechnic." An entirely new school, however, was not at first created. Dictated largely by motives of economy the new institution was annexed to the College of France. A decree of April 7, 1848, created at the college for this school new chairs of instruction in the following subjects: French politics, private, public, and criminal law, general economics, statistics of agriculture, mines, arts, and manufactures, public works, finance, commerce, administrative law, the history of French and foreign administrative institutions. In addition the school made use of existing chairs of history, literature, etc.

The term of studies was fixed at three years and the number of students at 200. A complete organization was made and the school opened in that year.

In November, 1848, the school was separated from the College of France.

The school, however, had but a short life. It was unable to maintain its existence during the political changes of the period, and was suppressed in 1849. Though the project has been repeatedly revived, and attempts have been made at different times, as in 1869, 1876, and 1881, to reestablish the school, it has as yet never been pushed to a successful conclusion.

This failure to reestablish a school of administration is not due to a rejection of the principle that such a school would be valuable in increasing the efficiency of the service. It is due to the inherent difficulties of the case. It is a much more delicate matter to prepare for the services of pure administration. In the administrative services the knowledge required is so various that it is much more difficult to determine the exact character of the instruction to be given. It is not sufficient to establish a school preparing generally for administrative positions. Particular services must be designated as ones which can be profitably recruited through it, such as positions in the diplomatic and consular services, attachés of the chiefs of departments and bureaus, statistical experts, examiners, etc.

These difficulties, though inherent, are by no means insurmountable. The École Libre des Sciences Politiques, of Paris, though a school organized and carried on as a private undertaking, furnishes a brilliant demonstration of this.

Though, as I have said, this school is not a Government institution, it yet has such close relations with the Government service, that to omit its consideration would be to omit the description of one of the most admirable scholastic institutions of France as regards the furnishing of trained servants for the higher administrative positions of the French Government.

It has the additional claim to recognition in that it is the lineal successor of the school of administration which came to its premature end in 1849.