"Resolved, That administrative officers be empowered to offer the services of Temple University in operating less than 4-year degree programs wherever need arises and whenever proper financing is assured.''

This letter is offered in support of and in cooperation with the commission in any effort to provide additional opportunities for education on this level. Indeed, we stand ready to become a part of the actual inauguration and operation of programs of this type.

Cordially yours,

MILLARD E. GLADFELTER, President.

DREXEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

Mr. CHARLES G. SIMPSON,

OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, Philadelphia, Pa., June 16, 1961.

Vice President and General Manager, Philadelphia Gas Works Division, United Gas & Improvement Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

DEAR CHARLES: Dr. Bonnell has now briefed me on the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of your committee on post-high school facilities and programs. It seems to me that you are moving in the right direction. As I told you when I testified before your committee on March 22, I feel that it is very important that we get on with the job. The original report prepared by Mr. Nesbitt's committee suggested a positive course of action which is still valid. When I testified before the task force on higher education of the Governor's committee on education on June 2, 1960, I made the following statement:

"Those of us who are identified with higher scientific and technological education are acutely aware of the great growing need for technical personnel in a wide variety of fields-personnel who complement the professional personnel and permit their energies to be devoted to work commensurate with their training, Looking to the future, and knowing the necessary correlation of technical studies with collegiate work, I should like to say that Drexel Institute of Technology would be glad to collaborate with other educational institutions, public and private, in exploring the need for and means of creating and administering technical schools which can provide training of less than baccalaureate grade for persons who can benefit from such training."

I wish to make the same statement to you. Drexel Institute of Technology will gladly collaborate with others in exploring the need for and the means of creating and administering technical schools which can provide training of less than baccalaureate grade for persons who can benefit therefrom. We'll do everything we can to advance the cause.

With congratulations for the job you have done and with all good wishes,

Sincerely,

JAMES CREESE.

Senator HILL. Now we have Dr. Edmon Low, director of libraries, Oklahoma State University, and Miss Krettek, both of the American Library Association. Will you come up, please.

Doctor, we are glad to have you here, and I am glad to see you have Miss Krettek along with you. She is a mighty good friend and a mighty helpful friend, and we are delighted that she is with you this morning. It is nice to have both of you here.

STATEMENT OF EDMON LOW, DIRECTOR OF LIBRARIES, OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY; ACCOMPANIED BY GERMAINE KRETTEK, DIRECTOR, WASHINGTON OFFICE, AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Dr. Low. Thank you, Senator. We appreciate Miss Krettek more than we can say.

Senator HILL. She succeeded a very fine lady, Miss Julia Bennett, I remember, who certainly was a very fine person.

Dr. Low. Thank you. We are very pleased to hear that.

My name is Edmon Low, I am librarian of Oklahoma State University and immediate past president of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a division of the American Library Association, which has a total membership of more than 25,000. The Association of College and Research Libraries represents the college, university, and research libraries of the United States.

The American Library Association is in favor of legislation such as S. 1241

to authorize assistance to public and other nonprofit institutions of higher education in financing the construction, rehabilitation, or improvement of needed academic related facilities and to authorize scholarships for undergraduate study in such institutions.

This position on Federal assistance to higher education is in accord with the legislative policy of the American Library Association adopted by the ALA Council, its governing body, on January 29, 1959. This statement declared that college and university libraries

are a vital part of higher education [and that] Federal scholarship and loans and [Federal] aid to college building programs *** benefit the whole country by raising the general level of support for college education.

Library construction is indeed in great need of assistance. Of over 2,000 institutions of higher education in the United States today, it appears according to best estimates that no more than 100, or 5 percent, have really adequate library facilities. Although the remaining 95 percent may not be planning to construct new buildings or alter old ones immediately, there are some indications of probable costs. For example, a recently published U.S. Office of Education study, "College and University Facilities Survey," shows that colleges and universities have estimated that during 1956-70 they plan to spend slightly more than $300 million on the erection or alteration of library buildings. It is reasonable to assume that this figure does not represent fully the actual need. Studies also indicate that far too many library facilities are so inadequate or unsuitable for service that they actually hamper, in many cases, the use of a good book collection and efforts of a well-trained staff.

College and university library building programs are facing serious difficulties and the situation will grow worse in the next decade, unless counteracting measures are taken immediately.

There are a number of reasons for this plight:

1. The sheer increase in the number of students and in the size of the higher education staff is one cause. Conservative estimates place the increase in students from 3.4 million in 1959 to 6 million in 1970; and the increase in staff from 232,000 in 1959 to 322,000 in 1970. These increases place added burdens on the buildings and equipment of the libraries.

2. The teaching program of today depends more and more on books, periodicals, scientific journals, and documents. From the first courses in history and economics to the most advanced seminars in nuclear physics, every course is dependent on libraries. This situation means that among other things greater facilities for the shelving and utilization of books are required.

3. Increased seating capacity is needed not only because of the mere increase in students, but by virtue of the fact that students must have

facilities for more independent and related reading within the library. The change in instruction, I may say, is constantly calling for a greater amount of independent work which is being reflected constantly in the increased use of the library.

Senator HILL. We are living in a rapidly changing world, are we not?

Dr. Low. Yes, sir.

Senator HILL. The faster the world changes, the more new demand, I suppose, you have on your libraries; is that right?

Dr. Low. That is true, and the greatly expanding world of print is bringing so many more things into the library that it is resulting in a condition where more resources have to be used, and then as the instructional staffs in the school become more competent, as they are, they are making broader demands in their classroom work. The interested students from the high school on are constantly broadening, so we are seeing all this reflected in the greatly increased use of the libraries.

I am going to remark on that in just a couple of paragraphs from here how surprising to us librarians is the amount of use that the libraries are getting.

4. Extensive research programs, many of which are financed by Government contracts and are involved in the national defense, rely heavily on libraries. In this connection, the National Science Foundation reported the expenditures for organized research in our universities increased from $450 million in 1953-54 to $1 billion in 195960.

That in itself represents a great increase of library use.

In some research that has been undertaken at our institution they have placed one individual in the library just to do nothing but the research, the searching of the literature, spending all of the time there, not in the laboratory but in the library.

Certainly the need for additional library building facilities is an urgent one in every section of the Nation; indeed, it is most unusual for a college or university these days to have a library adequate for its needs, and this applies even to institutions which have erected new library buildings in the past few years.

The effect of the strain on the capacity of a university library building has been demonstrated at the University of Michigan, where the new undergraduate library was completed about 3 years ago. I can speak with some knowledge of this because just this last Friday I completed teaching a summer term at the University of Michigan, and I came from Ann Arbor.

Attendance was estimated beforehand at 3,000 to 4,000 per day; actually it has jumped to 8,000 to 10,000, completely swamping their facilities. They just sit on the floor and they go everywhere, and that was in a building they built 3 years ago and thought would be adequate.

I have had an opportunity to serve as a consultant on several library buildings in recent years, because we did build a new building at our own institution a few years ago that has attracted a good deal of comment, and in not a single case has there been money enough to build an adequate building. Each time it has been a case of taking the money available and building as best we could, trying to plan so

that additions could be made later when more money was available, but realizing that the building would be inadequate from the moment it was opened.

My own university, Oklahoma State, completed a library building in 1953 at a cost of $4 million (it would cost over $5 million today). This illustrates how we have again missed our guesses as to use.

When it was planned, we anticipated peak library attendance of some 3,000 students a day and, on that basis and the expected growth of bookstock, estimated it would be adequate for at least 15 or probably 20 years. Now, instead of a peak attendance of 3,000 a day, we have over 7,000 a day. Seats are available for only a part of these students; they sit on the floor, go to classrooms close by (if any can be found vacant) or to the lawn in the milder weather, or just give up and go away with their needs unmet. I may say we are drawing plans now for a new addition to our building whenever we can find the money that was not included in this estimate that I mentioned a few paragraphs back.

Senator HILL. What would be the estimates of cost?

Dr. Low. For the new addition?

Senator HILL. The new addition, yes.

Dr. Low. We think it will probably be a million and a half or $2 million.

Again, you see, with the enrollment increasing, what you have to do is just build as much as you can, and then that lasts awhile, if you can build more, it lasts a little longer; if you build less you are crowded immediately.

Although the American Library Association approves of the intent of S. 1241 in general, it does feel compelled to point out that loans for college and university libraries will not meet the needs of all institutions. In some States, public colleges and universities will probably find it impossible, by reason of State laws, to utilize Federal loans in the case of non-revenue-producing buildings, such as a library, and that is true with us; that is, we would not be allowed to borrow money to make this addition, and that is true in so many State-supported institutions.

Also, I may say, that, as you probably well know, where there is no income being produced it does not solve the problem to borrow the money because it has to be paid later on even if you can borrow it.

So some could borrow it and do not do it because there would be no prospect particularly of being able to pay it back. Grants would help so much, and to refer to my earlier paragraph where I was consulted on several library buildings where we did not have enough money, if we had had 25 percent more to build a little more it would have been adequate for the time being. As it was we just built a building that we knew was too small at the time, and yet that was all the money that was available, so we had to do the best we could.

The fiscal policy of some private institutions likewise prevents their borrowing money for non-revenue-producing buildings. So we are very hopeful some grant provisions may be placed in the bill as Senator Yarborough did in S. 585, we hope that your proposed legislation may go further, and also provide matching grants for accredited institutions as is now recommended in H.R. 7215.

In regard to "Title II: Scholarships for College Students," the American Library Association is wholly in accord with the intent of the legislation. Any effort to assist needy and qualified students in obtaining 4 years of undergraduate work is desirable and essential. The joint committee on librarianship as a career, which represents a number of national organizations and on which ALA has an official representative, reports:

Our crisis is the acute shortage of library school graduates. Thousands of positions are now vacant * * Library school enrollment is down and shows

no signs of increasing.

Since entrance into professional library training programs normally requires a bachelor's degree, any measure will be helpful which will add to the pool of college graduates who may go on to professional library schools.

Much depends on higher education today-the men and women it trains, the role they play in our society, the research they do, the discoveries they make and higher education depends so much on its libraries. We urgently recommend, therefore, legislation, such as this, which will bring improved college and university facilities to greater numbers of students.

Mr. Chairman, it has been a pleasure to present this testimony in favor of S. 1241 in which we are so much interested and I do thank you for the privilege.

Senator HILL. We very much appreciate your statement and your presence here this morning. We want to thank you.

Miss Krettek, is there anything you would like to add?

Miss KRETTEK. I think Dr. Low has covered it very well, sir, unless there is some point you want to have clarified.

Senator HILL. Thank you. We certainly do appreciate your presence very much.

(The prepared statement of Dr. Low follows:)

PREPARED STATEMENT BY EDMON LOW, PAST PRESIDENT, ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIAN, OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY My name is Edmon Low. I am librarian of Oklahoma State University and immediate past president of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a division of the American Library Association, which has a total membership of more than 25,000. The Association of College and Research Libraries represents the college, university, and research libraries of the United States.

The American Library Association is in favor of legislation such as S. 1241, "to authorize assistance to public and other nonprofit institutions of higher education in financing the construction, rehabilitation, or improvement of needed academic and related facilites, and to authorize scholarships for undergraduate study in such institutions."

This position on Federal assistance to higher education is in accord with the legislative policy of the American Library Association adopted by the ALA council, its governing body, on January 29, 1959. This statement declared that college and university libraries "are a vital part of higher education [and that] Federal scholarships and loans and [Federal] aid to college building programs * benefit the whole country by raising the general level of support for college education."

Library construction is indeed in great need of assistance. Of over 2,000 institutions of higher education in the United States today, it appears according to best estimates that no more than 100, or 5 percent have really adequate library facilities. Although the whole 95 percent may not be planning to construct new buildings or alter old ones immediately, there are some indications