the valuable contributions which these junior or community colleges are making to the needs of the Nation. We question the desirablity of separate legislation exclusively for junior college aid, just as we would feel it wrong to enact facilities legislation which aided degree-granting colleges and excluded junior colleges. The fact is, Mr. Chairman, that the need in some States is such as to call for emphasis on new facilities for junior colleges; and in others on 4-year colleges. They should be free to use the aid where it is most needed. No State should be required to convert its junior colleges into 4-year colleges in order to get needed Federal aid; nor should it be required to create junior colleges to get aid.

If the Congress decides to make special provision for 2-year colleges, however, we urge that the legislation be so drawn as to make it clear that the centers which our State universities and land-grant institutions operate in communities away from their main campuses are eligible for such assistance. In Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, as examples among many, our institutions offer the first 2 years of collegiate academic work at centers which parallel in substance and quality the programs at the parent institutions. We believe this pattern of meeting the need should be supported, and not excluded in Federal action. The need is there. Differences in terminology should not be used to discriminate against States which have decided to meet the need under one pattern or another.

In conclusion, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, may I reiterate my appreciation of the opportunity to present the views of our institutions; and for the deep interest of the administration and the Congress in helping solve the critical problems immediately ahead in higher education. What has been called a crisis in higher education is also an opportunity-an opportunity to see that all our young people have a chance to realize their talents.

Senator MORSE. Now I have great pleasure of calling on one of the best friends of education in the Senate, Senator Case of New Jersey, who has pending before the committee his bill on junior colleges and community colleges.

As I understand it, Senator Case has with him this morning Dr. May Russell, the president of St. Mary's Junior College in Maryland. It may be that Senator Case has other witnesses. If you would bring your witnesses with you to the table, Senator Case, you may proceed in your own way.

STATEMENT OF HON. CLIFFORD P. CASE, U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY

Sentor CASE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am most appreciative of your scheduling the testimony from Dr. Russell and from me at this time.

I should like, if I might, at the outset to say that I am thoroughly in accord with the provisions of 1241, and it is my hope that we can do a little bit more than that. I think that is clear.

Specifically, I would like to have included the provisions, the substance of two bills that I introduced in this session, having introduced them in previous Congresses, S. 1232, a bill to provide planning by the States through Federal grants on a modest basis; and a bill providing for community colleges contained, in substance, in S. 1140, and I would like, if I might, Mr. Chairman, to ask that these bills be spread on the record.

(The prepared statement of Senator Case of New Jersey follows:)

STATEMENT OF SENATOR CLIFFORD P. CASE ON HIGHER EDUCATION

The problem of providing more adequate education for all those who desire it is one of the most urgent problems facing our country. Our Nation needs now, and will need even more in the future, highly trained men and women to

meet the demands of our complex society, and to sustain us as a great nation. Our young people, as individuals, need to develop themselves to the fullest of their potential.

Recent Soviet accomplishments in space, greatly increased college enrollments all over the country, rising costs that keep too many high school graduates from continuing their education-each highlights an important facet of this national problem. History indicates that over the long run a nation can be only as great and as successful as its educational system. Keeping in mind the increasing number of those who are now arriving at college age, we must act effectively to remedy the shortage of facilities to accommodate them.

There has been too little recognition of this pressing problem. If we are to help our young people to develop their full potential, we shall have to take some major steps now to expand our college educational facilities. Expanded scholarship programs can help, but they are not enough unless total capacity is expanded. As President Eisenhower's Committee on Education Beyond the High School put it:

"Our colleges and universities are expected by the American public to perform something close to a miracle in the next 12 to 15 years. They are called upon to provide education of a continually improving quality to a far larger number of students, at least 6 million by 1970 compared to 3 million now." With the express aim of expanding our college facilities in an attempt to meet this ever-increasing flow of qualified high school graduates, I have introduced two bills which I believe would help close the gap that exists between the higher education desired and deserved by our young people, and the education they are now actually able to obtain.

The first of these bills is S. 1232, a bill to provide assistance to the States for surveying and planning with respect to college facilities. This bill would provide Federal grants for assisting States to inventory their existing college facilities, to survey their need for additional college facilities, and to develop State plans for college expansion programs. Such a comprehensive study would bring the real problem "home" in the States which undertook such studies, and would provide a solid groundwork for improving their educational facilities. The bill aims to stimulate the States--and the public at large-to recognize and appreciate the extent of the problem and to begin taking effective steps toward meeting it.

I appreciate the subcommittee's earlier action in incorporating the substance of this bill in the proposed National Defense Education Act. In view of the unpromising legislative outlook for that bill, I hope, however, the committee will act on S. 1232.

My second bill, S. 1140, would provide a 5-year emergency program of Federal assistance to the States for 2-year colleges. The aid provided could be used either to help establish such colleges or to enable existing ones to grow, so as to make the facilities for higher education accessible to as many individuals as possible. The aid would be made available on a formula reflecting the number of youngsters in a State who are of college age and the per capita income of the State.

In general, public 2-year colleges, often called junior or community colleges, offer all or part of the following programs, depending on the needs of the community:

(1) A transfer program, enabling the student to transfer to a 4-year college or university to pursue a program leading to a baccalaureate degree in the arts or sciences, or to a professional degree;

(2) A terminal program, designed to provide a specific unit of training for entrance into employment, but not intended to include transfer to a degree-granting 4-year institution;

(3) A program of general education, not intended to include transfer to a degree-granting institution, or entrance into employment;

(4) A program of adult education that may parallel those described above, depending on the demand, usually offered in an evening session. The value of the transfer program is evident in light of the fact that our 4-year colleges and universities are so overcrowded, particularly in the first 2 years. Junior colleges have proved their capability to train students for more advanced work. They serve as an excellent proving ground of academic capabilities as well as giving the students themselves time and opportunity to clarify their own educational ambitions. At present, one student in every four

begins his higher education in a junior college, and it has been predicted that this figure will be one in every two by 1975.

A leading authority in the educational field, Dr. Leland L. Medsker of the University of California at Berkeley has pointed out that "the American technological economy requires many persons trained at an intermediate level-not full-fledged engineers or scientists but high-level technicians or semiprofessionals. This has necessitated the upgrading of industrial personnel either by more advanced technical, scientific, and managerial training or by advanced general education." The role of the junior college in the upgrading of occupational education was also highlighted by a group of 34 representatives of industry, government, and education in California, the State with the largest number of junior colleges. They pointed out that "Since technicians perform complex tasks, they must have the understanding and ability to apply technical knowledge in support of professional people such as engineers and scientists."

Junior or community colleges have equalized educational opportunity beyond the secondary school level for all interested persons in a community. There are now 677 junior colleges with an enrollment of about 1 million (of these, 400 are public colleges, which alone account for 90 percent of the total enrollment), and this enrollment is expected to double within 10 years. In many areas, the general effect of these institutions has been to extend the public school system for another 2 years, thus meeting a need which, I am sure, will be increasingly felt.

In the words of Arthur S. Adams, the former president of the American Council of Education: "We are approaching the time when 2 years of college, whether to develop a vocational skill or to prepare for further college education, will be as necessary and commonplace as is graduation from high school."

A recent New York Times article points out that not only has the cost of higher education risen sharply since 1928, but it has accelerated on its upward curve. It points out that the increase in tuition and fees in the 4 years between 1956 and 1960 is approximately the same as for the 8 years between 1948 and 1956, and for the 20-year period between 1928 and 1948. Charles C. Cole, formerly of Columbia University, found in a study that 60,000 to 100,000 in the upper 30 percent of their high school classes-about one-half of this superior group were barred from college for financial reasons.

The 2-year community college certainly presents the most economical answer. It not only gives the citizens of a community the most for their tax dollar, but also provides an economical method of getting an education for the individual students and their families. These colleges are relatively inexpensive to build since they do not require expensive dormitories or elaborate eating or recreational facilities. Also, fees are generally kept as low as possible, and the resulting total cost per student is about one-third of that in a senior college. In addition, living at home and the opportunity for part-time work in the community add up to a much smaller drain on the family pocketbook.

The existence of such local facilities for higher education within a community often stimulates the interest of the citizens in such opportunities for higher education. As the League of Women Voters of New Jersey pointed out in a recent study of higher education: "Many gifted young men and women fail to apply to college simply because they have never been awakened to their own potentialities and to a sense of what college could mean in their lives. A community junior college helps to break down the barriers of unawareness and ignorance through its vocational guidance programs and opens the door to college for many who could not afford it away from home."

A good example of this can be found in Jackson County, Fla. In 1947, when a junior college was established there, only 7 percent of the high school graduates in that county enrolled in college. In 1959, 52 percent of the high school graduates began college careers, with about 7 percent enrolled outside the county and the remaining students were enrolled at the county junior college. These community colleges offer an additional advantage as cultural and educational centers of the community, as well as their usefulness as centers for adult education. This opportunity for adult education programs gains an extra importance in the light of the changes in the age structure of our population due to an increase in average life expectancy.

Certainly the establishment of community junior colleges seems to be a potential solution to some of our problems in the field of higher education. This idea is not a new one, but it is one that has gained considerable support and recognition over the years. President Truman's Committee on Higher Edu

cation, President Eisenhower's Committee on Education Beyond the High School, and the 1960 President's Commission on National Goals all highly recommended the extended use of such 2-year institutions.

In the highly technical world in which we are living today, a greater degree of sophistication is necessary on the part of every member of society. It has become evident that a longer period of formal schooling must be available so that our youth can meet the demands of life in a modern democracy. Twelve years is proving to be inadequate for accepting one's civic, economic, social, and personal responsibilities. The Federal Government can and must help meet the challenge before us and extend our educational opportunities to meet the great demands of 20th-century living.

Our resources are not, as we all know, unlimited. Indeed it is because they are limited that it is imperative that we put them to most productive use. The committee is rightly concerned with limiting legislation in the field of higher education to matters of highest priority. A program for community colleges has such urgency and I believe ought to be included in any bill reported by our subcommittee.

Senator CASE. Now I am very happy to introduce Dr. May Russell, president of St. Mary's Junior College, who will testify in behalf of the American Association of Junior Colleges. I know Dr. Russell will be happy, as I will, at the conclusion of her testimony or summary of it, if you would like to put it in the record that way, to answer any questions.

Senator CLARK. Mr. Chairman, before Dr. Russell testifies could I ask Senator Case a question or two?

Senator MORSE. Yes.

Senator CLARK. Senator, as I scan S. 1140, I think I conclude that the money authorized to be appropriated would be used entirely for the construction of academic facilities, would it not?

Senator CASE. It would exclude the kind of available things that we attempted to exclude, I think, by the bill which we have under consideration, the main college bill.

Senator CLARK. What I mean is, no part of the money is to go for faculty salaries.

Senator CASE. No; it is a bill for facilities, that is true.

Senator CLARK. Facilities.

Senator CASE. Yes.

Senator CLARK. What is your thinking as to where you are going to get an adequate faculty to teach in these institutions that are going to have to be built, and how are they going to be adequately paid?

Senator CASE. One of the advantages of a community college is that it can draw upon, I think, a much wider area of potential teachers than the 4-year colleges can.

For example, our local industries may have very highly competent men in physics and chemistry or other things who would be happy to teach, and do, in fact, now teach in local colleges, one or two courses. This is just one example of the possibility. The other factors involved here are that, for the most part, I think, and I agree fully that college teachers are not paid enough but, in general, I think from my experience and my experience in our State, these colleges, which do not have the enormous burden of research, of extensive libraries, of all of the kinds of things that a full-scale university, with a graduate school, has to maintain are able to pay their teachers more.

The tuition, and a modest tuition it is, comes nearer to taking care of operating expenses, including reasonable teachers' salaries; so again it is a question of priority, and I do not, by any means, exclude

our sometime considering the possibility of grants for operating expenses for these institutions. But, for the moment, it is my experience, and based upon my observation in New Jersey, I think that we are using our money most effectively if we, at the outset, provide the college with the facilities for the purposes outlined.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I think Dr. Russell is prepared to make a statement.

Senator MORSE. I want to say, Senator Case, we are very pleased to have this statement of yours. As I told you before, we will consider it very carefully in executive session.

Dr. Russell, we are delighted to have you with us.

You may proceed in your own way.

STATEMENT OF MAY RUSSELL, PRESIDENT, ST. MARY'S JUNIOR COLLEGE, MARYLAND

Miss RUSSELL. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and members of the committee, first, may I thank Senator Case for this opportunity to appear in behalf of S. 1140. I am here, perhaps primarily, as chairman of the Commission on Student Personnel of the American Association of Junior Colleges, as a member of the Southern Regional Educational Advisory Board, and of the executive board of the Maryland Higher Education Association.

It is a distinct privilege for me to add my remarks to those of Senator Case himself in support of S. 1140. We in the American Association of Junior Colleges have appreciated for many years Senator Case's sympathetic understanding of the problems faced by all of higher education.

We have been deeply impressed with his insight regarding the role to be played by community colleges in the further democratization and decentralization of American education.

I am especially pleased to have this opportunity to express some views on certain legislative proposals and their relevance to the needs of higher education. The American Association of Junior Colleges has a membership of over 500 2-year colleges which serve more than 90 percent of all students enrolled in such institutions.

We along with our colleagues in other national associations, are deeply concerned about all phases of education as we look ahead into the next decade. We see the complex problems of a growing nation which must, for its own strength and survival, provide greater educational opportunities to its citizens, and we wonder if our combined efforts will measure up to the challenges.

We do not take a pessimistic view of the future but rather look for greater opportunities for service if we can only plan and work ahead of time to insure that we offer our best services to students, communities, and the Nation. It is with this overall picture in mind that I would like to focus attention on two bills now before you: Senator Clifford Case's bill, S. 1140, the Emergency Public Community College Construction Act, and next, S. 1241, introduced by Senator Hill on behalf of himself and additional Senators, the College Academic Facilities and Scholarship Act.

If passed, S. 1140 could unleash a tremendous nationwide educational effort the outlines of which we can now see clearly. Several