time of his admission; and shall further declare, on oath, and prove to the satisfaction of the court, that, for two years next preceding, it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen of the United States; and he shall in all other respects comply with the laws in regard to naturalization.

SECTION 2168. When any alien, who has complied with the first condition specified in section twenty-one hundred and sixtyfive, dies before he is actually naturalized, the widow and the children of such alien shall be considered as citizens of the United States, and shall be entitled to all rights and privileges as such, upon taking the oaths prescribed by law.

SECTION 2169. The provisions of this title shall apply to aliens (being free white persons, and to aliens) of African nativity, and to persons of African descent.

SECTION 2170. No alien shall be admitted to become a citizen who has not for the continued term of five years next preceding his admission resided within the United States.

SECTION 2171. No alien who is a native citizen or subject, or a denizen of any country, state, or sovereignty with which the United States are at war, at the time of his application, shall be then admitted to become a citizen of the United States; but persons resident within the United States, or the Territories thereof, on the eighteenth day of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and twelve, who had before that day made a declaration, according to law, of their intention to become citizens of the United States, or who were on that day entitled to become citizens without making such declaration, may be admitted to become citizens thereof, notwithstanding they were alien enemies at the time and in the manner prescribed by the laws heretofore passed on that subject; nor shall anything herein contained be taken or construed to interfere with or prevent the apprehension and removal, agreeably to law, of any alien enemy at any time previous to the actual naturalization of such alien.

SECTION 2172. The children of persons who have been duly naturalized under any law of the United States, or who, previous to the passing of any law on that subject, by the government of the United States, may have become citizens of any one of the States, under the laws thereof, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof; and the children of persons who now are, or have been, citizens

Widow and children of declarants.

Aliens of African nativity and descent.

Residence of five years in the United States.

Alien enemies

not admitted.

Children of

persons naturalized under certain laws to be citizens.

Naturalization of seamen.

of the United States, shall, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, be considered as citizens thereof; but no person heretofore proscribed by any State, or who has been legally convicted of having joined the army of Great Britain during the Revolutionary War, shall be admitted to become a citizen without the consent of the Legislature of the State in which such person was proscribed.

SECTION 2173. The Police Court of the District of Columbia shall have no power to naturalize foreigners.

SECTION 2174. Every seaman, being a foreigner, who declares his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States in any competent court, and shall have served three years on board of a merchant-vessel of the United States subsequent to the date of such declaration, may, on his application to any competent court, and the production of his certificate of discharge and good conduct during that time, together with the certificate of his declaration of intention to become a citizen, be admitted a citizen of the United States; and every seaman, being a foreigner, shall, after his declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States, and after he shall have served such three years, be deemed a citizen of the United States for the purpose of manning and serving on board any merchant-vessel of the United States, anything to the contrary in any act of Congress notwithstanding; but such seaman shall, for all purposes of protection as an American citizen, be deemed such, after the filing of his declaration of intention to become such citizen.

Aliens honora-
bly discharged
from the

United States
Navy or

Marine Corps.

NAVY AND MARINE CORPS.

Extract from the Act of Congress "making appropriations for Naval Service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, and for other purposes," approved July 26, 1894, in relation to the naturalization of seamen and marines.

Any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upward who has enlisted or may enlist in the United States Navy or Marine Corps, and has served or may hereafter serve five consecutive years in the United States Navy or one enlistment in the United States Marine Corps, and has been or may hereafter be honorably discharged, shall be admitted to become a citizen of the United States upon his petition, without any previous declaration of his intention to become such; and the court admitting such alien shall, in addition to proof of good moral character, be satisfied by competent proof of such person's service in and honorable discharge from the United States Navy or Marine Corps.

Under the provisions of the Revised Statutes of the United States females may be naturalized as well as males.

CITIZENSHIP.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. —(U. S. Const., 14th Amend.)

All persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are declared to be citizens of the United States.-(Rev. Stats. U. S., Sec. 1992.)

All children heretofore born or hereafter born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, whose fathers were or may be at the time of their birth citizens thereof, are declared to be citizens of the United States; but the rights of citizenship shall not descend to children whose fathers never resided in the United States. (Rev. Stats. U. S., Sec. 1993.)

Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married to a citizen of the United States, and who might herself be lawfully naturalized, shall be deemed a citizen.-(Rev. Stats. U. S., Sec. 1994.)

Whereas the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; and whereas in the recognition of this principle, this Government has freely received emigrants from all nations, and invested them with the rights of citizenship; and whereas it is claimed that such American citizens, with their descendants, are subjects of foreign states, owing allegiance to the governments thereof; and whereas it is necessary to the maintenance of public peace that this claim of foreign allegiance should be promptly and finally disavowed: Therefore any declaration, instruction, opinion, order or decision of any officer of the United States which denies, restricts, impairs, or questions. the right of expatriation, is declared inconsistent with the fundamental principles of the Republic.-(Rev. Stats. U. S., Sec. 1999.)

2. In law, the voluntary renunciation of one's nationality and allegiance, by becoming a citizen of another country.

The right of expatriation, or the right voluntarily to change one's allegiance, so as to be free from the obligation of natural allegiance, was formerly denied in England, and doubted by jurists in the United States, although always maintained politically in the latter country; it was finally established by Congress in 1868, and by Parliament in 1870. In other civilized countries it had previously been conceded, with some specific limitations.

-The Century Dictionary.

Who are
citizens.

Citizenship of children of citizens born abroad.

Citizenship of married women.

Right of expatriation declared.

Expatriation.

PENALTIES

FOR VIOLATING

NATURALIZATION LAWS.

TAKING FALSE OATH IN NATURALIZATION.

In all cases where any oath or affidavit is made or taken under or by virtue of any law relating to the naturalization of aliens, or in any proceedings under such laws, any person taking or making such oath or affidavit who knowingly swears falsely, shall be punished by imprisonment not more than five years, nor less than one year, and by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars.-(Rev. Stats. U. S., Sec. 5395.)

FALSE PERSONATION, &c., IN PROCURING

NATURALIZATION.

Every person applying to be admitted a citizen, or appearing as a witness for any such person, who knowingly personates any other person than himself, or falsely appears in the name of a deceased person, or in an assumed or fictitious name, or falsely makes, forges, or counterfeits any oath, notice, affidavit, certificate, order, record, signature, or other instrument, paper, or proceeding required or authorized by any law relating to or providing for the naturalization of aliens; or who utters, sells, disposes of, or uses as true or genuine, or for any unlawful purpose, any false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit, oath, notice, certificate, order, record, signature, instrument, paper, or proceeding above specified; or sells or disposes of to any person other than the person for whom it was originally issued, any certificate of citizenship, or certificate showing any person to be admitted a citizen, shall be punished by imprisonment at hard labor not less than one year, nor more than five years, or by a fine of not less than three hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment. (Rev. Slats. U. S., Sec. 5424.)

USING FALSE CERTIFICATE OF CITIZENSHIP, &c.

Every person who uses, or attempts to use, or aids, or assists, or participates in the use of any certificate of citizenship, knowing the same to be forged, or counterfeit, or ante-dated, or knowing the same to have been procured by fraud or otherwise unlawfully obtained; or who, without lawful excuse, knowingly is possessed of any false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit certificate of citizenship, purporting to have been issued under the provisions of any law of the United States relating to naturalization, knowing such certificate to be false, forged, ante-dated or counterfeit, with intent unlawfully to use the same; or obtains, accepts, or receives any certificate of citizenship known to such person to have been procured by fraud or by the use of any false name, or by means of any false statement made with intent to procure, or to aid in procuring, the issue of such certificate, or known to such person to be fraudulently altered or antedated; and every person who has been or may be admitted to be a citizen who, on oath or by affidavit, knowingly denies that he has been so admitted, with intent to evade or avoid any duty or liability imposed or required by law, shall be imprisoned at hard labor not less than one year nor more than five years, or be fined not less than three hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or both such punishments may be imposed. (Rev. Stats. U. S., Sec. 5425.)

USING FALSE CERTIFICATE, &c., AS EVIDENCE OF A RIGHT TO VOTE.

Every person who in any manner uses for the purpose of registering as a voter, or as evidence of a right to vote, or otherwise, unlawfully, any order, certificate of citizenship, or certificate, judgment, or exemplification, showing any person to be admitted to be a citizen, whether heretofore or hereafter issued or made, knowing that such order or certificate, judgment or exemplification has been unlawfully issued or made; and every person who unlawfully uses, or attempts to use, any such order or certificate, issued to or in the name of any other person, or in a fictitious name, or the name of a deceased person, shall be punished by imprisonment at hard labor not less than one year nor more than years, or by a fine of not less than three hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment. (Rev. Stats. U. S., Sec. 5426.)

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