JACOPO DA PONTE, yä'ko-pō då pôn'tà. The name of the Italian painter commonly known by the title Bassano II. (q.v.).

JACOPO DEI BARBARI, da'ē bär bå-re, or DE BARBARIS (c.1450-1515). An Italian painter, called also the 'Master of the Caduceus,' from the sign on his plates, and sometimes Jacob Walch. He was one of a family of painters, and was brought up and worked in Venice, where he was highly appreciated by his contemporaries. About 1490 he went to Nuremberg, and remained there for several years. By 1500 he was back in Venice, for at this time he executed a large bird's-eye view of the city, engraved on wood. Afterwards he went to the Netherlands, where he was valet-de-chambre and Court painter to the Regent Margaret (1510), and where he died. and works of this artist. He was one of the first to engrave on metal, and left twenty-nine plates, of which some are of mythological and some religious subjects. His paintings are of less importance, and very uncertain. He is also said to have been a sculptor. The interest of Barbari is largely on account of the curious union in him of the German and Venetian styles of art, most uncommon at that date. Consult Ephrussi, Notes biographiques sur Jacopo di Barbarj (1876).

There has been much discussion about the life

JACOPO DELLA QUERCIA, děl'lä kwâr'chả (c.1374-1438). An Italian sculptor, born probably at Quercia, near Siena. He was the pupil of his father, a goldsmith, and does not seem to have left his native place until about 1391. He then went to Lucca, where he remained several years, and whence he returned about 1407, having failed in the competition for the doors of the baptistery in Florence. One of his best works was done at this time, the statue on the monument to Ilaria del Carretto, the wife of Paul Guinigi, in the Lucca Cathedral. Another notable work was the fountain called "Fonte Gaia," at Siena, which he erected between the years 1409 and 1419, and which won him the surname of Della Fonte. In this work his naturalistic treatment of the figures shows how far he had departed from the conventional standard of the day. From 1425 until his death he was occupied mainly with the portal of San Petronio at Bologna, a fine piece of direct and vigorous work, which is considered his masterpiece. From the style and force of his art Quercia has been called the 'Herald of Michelangelo.' In the Cathedral and the Church of San Giovanni at Siena there are also reliefs by him.

JACOPONE DA TODI, yä’ko-po'nå då tō'dê, JACOBUS DE BENEDICTIS (c.1230-1306). An Italian mystic and poet. He was born at Todi in Umbria; was a lawyer, and successful in his profession. The sudden death of his wife, about 1268, wrought a complete change in his life. He abandoned his profession, distributed his goods among the poor, and sought the world's scorn by his strange behavior. At the same time he vigorously denounced the corruptions of the times and the ambitions of the lofty. After ten years of penance he became a Franciscan monk. He joined the opponents of Boniface VIII., was captured at Palestrina in 1298, and kept in prison till the Pope's death in 1303. He died at Collazzone on Christmas night, 1306. Jacopone's

poetry was most of it written in the Umbrian dialect. His hymns are characteristic of his time, full of the fervor and the same exalted enthusiasm which are to be found in those of Saint Francis of Assisi. The hymn "Stabat mater dolorosa" is generally attributed to Jacopone, perhaps incorrectly. Consult: Sorio, Poesie scelte di Fra Jacopone da Todi (Verona, 1859); D'Ancona, "Jacopone da Todi, il giullare di Dio del secolo XIII.," in Studj sulla letteratura italiana de' primi secoli (Ancona, 1884); Gebhart, L'Italie mystique (Paris, 1890).

JACOTOT, zhȧ'ko'to', JEAN JOSEPH (17701841). The originator of a 'universal' method in education, born at Dijon, France, in 1770. He turned his attention at first to philology, and after having studied that subject for some time became a teacher of the classic languages in his native town. Subsequently he took up the study of law and became an attorney. In 1792 he entered the army and rose to the rank of captain of artillery; he was then made secretary to the Minister of War, and finally a substitute director and professor of mathematics at the Polytechnic School in Paris. In 1815 he went to Brussels, and three years later accepted the position of professor of French language and literature at the University of Louvain. In 1827 he became a director of the advanced military school in that city. He returned to France in 1830, and died in Paris.

His system of universal instruction was empirical, propounded in general rules which are unintelligible without his own explanation. It consists in directing the student's exertion to particular subjects, encouraging and exciting him in every possible manner to make use of his mental powers. The teacher is not to become an expounder, but after setting the student on the right track, is to leave him to explain away his own difficulties. His ideas were an outgrowth of his own intellectual development and of his experience at Louvain, where he, though French, and understanding no Flemish, taught the Flemish boys by books having French and Flemish in parallel columns, largely through one book, the Télémaque. There he saw that the pupils learned, though he did not teach them. This plan was applied to other subjects, with the idea that one could teach all subjects, even those of which he might have no knowledge himself. There were four steps insisted upon in the process of learning: First, learn; second, repeat; third, reflect: fourth, verify. His famous maxims, "Pupils must learn something and refer to that all the rest," and "All is in all," meant that all things in nature are united in one great whole, the knowledge of which may be acquired through any of its parts. His ideas are empirical approaches to the ideas of concentration, interest, etc., of Herbart, though expressed in exaggerated or paradoxical form. His method of languageteaching is quite similar to the popular plans of Hamilton and of Ollendorf.

Jacotot expounded his ideas in Enseignement universel (1822), and in the Journal de l'Emancipation Intellectuelle. Others of his works are Musique, dessin et peinture (1824) and Mathématiques (1828). For his life and works, consult: Quick, Educational Reformers (London, 1868); and his English disciple Payne, Lectures on the History of Education (London, 1892).

against them, and on June 10th the peasants were defeated with great slaughter near Meaux by Charles the Bad of Navarre. This put an end to the insurrection. But the nobles took a terrible revenge, burning the villages and killing the peasants. In two weeks 20,000 are said to have been murdered. The barbarous retaliation went on for two years. Froissart, who had little sympathy for the peasants, undoubtedly drew too dark a picture of the atrocities committed by the Jacquerie, while minimizing the sanguinary vengeance exacted by the nobles. Consult: Luce, Histoire de la Jacquerie (Paris, 1859); and Flammermont, in the Revue Historique, vol. ix., pp. 123-143 (Paris, 1879).

JACQUIN, zhȧ'kǎn', NIKOLAUS JOSEPH, Baron (1727-1817). An Austrian botanist, born at Leyden. He studied in his native city and in Paris, and afterwards went to Vienna, where he made a catalogue of the plants in the garden at Schönbrunn for Emperor Francis I. In 1755 he went on a voyage to South America. Some years after his return he became professor of botany and chemistry at the University of Vienna. Some of the more important of his works are: Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis (1770-76); Flora Austriaca (1773-78); Icones Plantarum Rariorum (1781-93); and Plantarum Rariorum Horti Cæsarei Schönbrunnensis (17971804). His son, FRANZ JOSEPH (1767-1839), was also a botanist.

JACTITATION (ML. jactitatio, from Lat. jactitare, to utter, frequentative of jactare, to agitate, discuss, frequentative of jacere, to throw; connected with Gk. láπTev, iaptein, to throw). The offense of falsely and maliciously asserting a legal claim or right to the detriment of another. The offense is not generally dealt with by the law as a crime, nor does it come within the class of wrongs, denominated torts, which are remediable by a punitive action for damages, but it may, by appropriate process, be suppressed, and the rights of the injured party established by a decree. In English law the offense is cognizable only by the ecclesiastical courts, and by the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice, and is confined to the false assertion of a right to tithes and to a seat in a church, and to the false claim of marriage to another. In the last-named case the process is called jactitation of marriage. The

action is known in the United States as well as in England, but is not of frequent occurrence in England. It is more common in Scotland. See Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England; 1 Scotch Session Cases, 3d series, 161. JACUARU. JADASSOHN, yä'dà-son, SALOMON (18311902). A German musical composer and theorist, born at Breslau. He studied the pianoforte under Hesse and Liszt, the violin under Lüstner, and in 1848 entered the conservatory at Leipzig, in which institution he subsequently (1871) became professor of harmony, pianoforte composition, and counterpoint. He studied under Liszt in 1849, but his career as a teacher dates from 1852, after a course of private study under Hauptmann. His various works on the science of music have continued to be used as text-books throughout the world. He is the composer of about one hundred and fifty works in nearly every musical form, all written in faultless style. Al

A Brazilian lizard. See TEJU.

VOL. XI.-7.

though he will be remembered as a great theorist rather than as a great composer, many of his compositions bear evidences of permanent value. He was appointed conductor of the Psalterion Choral Society in 1866, and from 1867 to 1869) was Kapellmeister of the 'Euterpe' organization. Among his text-books the following are noteworthy: Harmonielehre (Leipzig, 1883; Eng. trans., New York, 1893); Kontrapunkt (Leipzig, 1884); Kanon und Fugue (Leipzig, 1884); Lehrbuch der Instrumentation (Leipzig, 1889) (the above have also been translated into English at Leipzig); and Elementar - Harmonielehre (Leipzig, 1895).

JADE (Fr., Sp. jade, from Sp. yjada, ijada, side, from Lat. ilium, flank, groin; ultimately connected with Gk. elev, eilein, Lat. volvere, Goth. walwjan, AS. wealwian, Eng. wallow; so called as being formerly supposed to cure pain in the side). A name applied to various tough, compact minerals of the pyroxene and amphibole groups, chiefly jadeite and nephrite, of a white to dark-green color. These minerals were used by primitive man for utensils and ornaments, and among the Chinese they are highly prized as material for vases and other carved objects. Specimens of jade have been found among the remains of the lake-dwellers of Switzerland, at various points in France, and in Mexico, Greece, Egypt, and Asia Minor. The chalchihuitl of the early Mexicans has been supposed by some to have been jade, but the present belief is that this name refers to the turquoise found in the mines in New Mexico. See CHALCHIHUITL.

JADE, yä'de, or JAHDE. An inlet of the North Sea in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, North Germany. It owes its origin to an inundation which occurred in 1511. It is about ten miles in diameter, and the greater part is shallow with exposed mud flats at low tide; but at the narrow inlet it is deep enough for the largest men-of-war, and bere a small territory a little over a mile in extent was acquired by the Prussian Government from Oldenburg in 1854. On it was built the fortified port and naval station of Wilhelmshaven (q.v.).

JAD WIN, EDGAR (1865-). An American military engineer, born at Honesdale, Pa. He studied at Lafayette College (Easton, Pa.) in 1884-86, graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1890, and carried on post-graduate study in the United States engineer school from 1891 to 1893. In 1890-91, 1893-99, and 1900-02, he was an assistant in Government engineering, largely in connection with rivers, harbors, and fortifications. During the Spanish-American War he was in the volunteer service, with rank of major, Third Regiment, United States Volunteer Engineers, from June 20, 1898, to September 15, 1898, and of lieutenant-colonel, Third Regiment, from September 15, 1898, to May 17, 1899. From December 22, 1898, to February 28, 1899, he was in command of the detached battalion of the regiment at Matanzas, Cuba, where the work performed included the surveying of Matanzas City and superintendence of its cleaning and sanitation, laying of water-pipes to camps, general care of the water-supply for the troops, and the draughting of numerous maps. He was appointed captain, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, in 1900, and in 1902 was placed in charge of all river and harbor and fortification

JAEGER or JÄGER GULL. See SKUA.

JAÉN, Hȧ-an'. A former kingdom in Andalusia, or Southern Spain, now the Province of Jaén, which includes a somewhat larger area (5122 square miles) than the old kingdom (Map: Spain, D 4). It is bounded by New Castile on the north, Murcia on the east, Granada on the south, and Cordova on the west. It lies in the upper basin of the Guadalquivir. The northern part is traversed by the Sierra Morena, now deforested and almost barren, while in the south and east are the rugged, lofty, and wellforested Sierras de Segura and Cazorla. The mineral wealth, especially of the northern mountains, is considerable, including lead, iron, copper, zinc, and salt. Though iron ore is plentiful, lead is the only metal extensively mined, the production amounting to over 80,000 tons of ore annually. Agriculture is confined to the valley of the Guadalquivir; cereals and olives are grown; other industries are unimportant. The population of the province in 1887 was 437,842, and in 1900, 469,881. The largest city is Linares, and the capital is Jaén.

The Moorish Kingdom of Jaén arose in the eleventh century at the time of the dissolution of the Caliphate of Cordova. It was short-lived and of little importance. The region was conquered by Castile early in the fourteenth century. JAÉN. The capital of the province of the same name, Spain, situated in the valley of the Guadalquivir, at the foot of Mount Jabalcuz,

58 miles east of Cordova, and on a branch of the railroad between Madrid, Cordova, and Seville (Map: Spain, D 4). It is surrounded by the remains of old Moorish walls, with numerous towers and pinnacles. There are several old Gothic churches and a cathedral; the only really handsome buildings of the town, however, are among its private palaces. The town has a high school or institute containing extensive art galleries and a fine library; it has also a theatre and a bull-ring. In the neighborhood are the sulphur springs and baths of Jabalcuz. Population, in 1887, 25,706; in 1900, 25,566.

JAFFA, yäf'få (Ar. Yafa). A seaport town of Syria, Ásiatic Turkey, situated in the Sanjak of Jerusalem, on a rocky elevated coast, 35 miles northwest of Jerusalem, of which it is the port, and with which it is also connected by a railway line 54 miles long (Map: Asia, C5). It is irregularly built, and possesses few points of interest. Its mosques and monasteries are of slight architectural merit, and its harbor is far from safe. The coast is skirted by a dangerous reef, through which the entrance is exceedingly narrow. In stormy weather it is often impossible to land for days at a time. As the port of Jerusalem, however, Jaffa is not without commercial value, and its importance is increasing with the development of the surrounding region. The chief exports of Jaffa are soap, fruits, wine, oil, and sesame, while the imports consist chiefly of cotton goods, rice, sugar, petroleum, tobacco, lumber, etc. The oranges of Jaffa are justly reputed the finest in the

JAFFÉ, yäfʼfå, PHILIPP (1819-70). A German historian, born at Schwersenz, in Posen, and educated at Berlin under Ranke. He became an active editor of the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, and published Geschichte des Deutschen Reichs unter Konrad III. (1845), and the very valuable Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (2d blocked by his Hebrew faith, so he took up the ed. 1881-86). But academic advancement was study of medicine. His excellent contributions to the Monumenta were broken off in 1863, a year after his appointment to a chair in Berlin, by a quarrel with Pertz. He became a Christian in 1868, lost many of his earlier friends, and committed suicide at Wittenberg. His most important work was the Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum (1864-73).

JAFFNA, jäf'nå, or JAFFNAPATAM. A fortified town situated on an island of the same name, lying off the northern coast of Ceylon, of which it is an administrative dependency, and from which it is separated by a narrow strait (Map: India, C 7). It has an old fort erected during the Portuguese occupation, a few interesting temples, and an old Dutch church; it is generally well built. The chief industry of the people is fishing, and there is some trade in rice, tobacco, and Palmyra timber. Jaffna is identified with the Galiba of Ptolemy. Population, in 1891, 43,179; in 1900, 33,860.

JAGANNATH, jug-å-nät', PURI, poo-rē, or JUGGERNAUT (Skt. Jagannatha, lord of the world, from jagat, world, going, pres. part. of gam, to go + natha, lord, from näth, to seek help). (1) The name of a town on the coast of Orissa, Bengal, in latitude 19° 48' N., longitude 85° 50′ E., also known as Puri, which is now the official name.

It is celebrated as one of the chief

places of pilgrimage in India. For many centuries the Golden Tooth of the Buddha was preserved at Puri; but it owes its reputation now to a temple erected there in honor of Vishnu, under his aspect as Jagannath. (2) The deity of Jagannath is essentially a god of all people; and this fact, combined with the peculiarly attractive nature of Krishna, also an incarnation of Vishnu, is the chief cause for the reverence paid him. It seems probable that the lord of the world' was originally a local godling of non-Indian origin, who was absorbed into the Vishnuitic form of Hinduism, which holds sway especially in Eastern India. Jagannath has a magnificent temple in Puri, and is exposed to view three days each year. On the first of these days (the Suan jattra, or bathing procession) the god is publicly bathed. Ten days later, on the Rath jattra, or car festival, he is drawn on an enormous and floridly ornate car to some neighboring temple, whence he returns in somewhat diminished pomp after a week. The fact that in the press and excitement of the enthusiastic multitude some fatalities occasionally occur has given rise to the erro