under the Romans, and was celebrated as the centre of the worship of Priapus (q.v.).

LAMP-SHELL. A brachiopod. See BRACHI

OPODA.

LAMPYR'IDÆ. See FIREFLY.

LAMUTS, lä'muts. A people of Tungus stock, who dwell on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, in part of Northern Kamtchatka and the country to the west. They are the maritime division of the Tungus. The Lamuts came into contact with the Russians in the seventeenth century, and their village life has been much affected. Consult: Hieckisch, Die Tungusen (Saint Petersburg, 1872); Müller, Unter Tungusen und Jakuten (Leipzig, 1882); Olssufjev, "Der Anadyr-Bezirk," in Petermanns Mitteilungen (Gotha) for 1899; Bogoras, "The Chukchi of Northeastern Asia," in the American Anthropologist (New York, 1901).

LAMY, là'me', BERNARD (1640-1715). A French oratorian. He was born in Le Mans; entered the Oratory in Paris (1658); became professor of philosophy in Saumur (1671); was deposed for advocating the Cartesian philosophy (1675), and removed to Grenoble, where he taught in the Episcopal seminary till in 1686

he was called to teach in a similar school in Paris. Having fallen into difficulties because he had ventured to publish a book without proper permission, he removed to Rouen (1690), and there died January 29, 1715. His fame rests upon several valuable publications: L'art de parler (1675); Apparatus ad Biblica Sacra (1686, French trans. 1705, English trans. London, 1723); a Gospel harmony (1689); Traité historique de l'ancienne Pâque des Juifs, and its sequel (1693); and a very elaborate thirty years' study, De Tabernaculo Fœderis, de Sancta Civitate Jerusalem et de Templo (1720, with life by Deswold). LAN'ARK. The county town of Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the Clyde, 30 miles southwest of Edinburgh (Map: Scotland, E 4). Its industries are oil manufacture, weaving, and nail-making. It has Roman and feudal remains. Here, in 978, Kenneth II. assembled a parliament, and in a niche of the church is a colossal statue of Wallace, of whose early exploits Lanark was the scene. Population, in 1891, 5537; in 1901, 6440. The Falls of the Clyde are near the town, and a mile to the south lies the manufacturing village of New Lanark (population, 973), celebrated as the scene of Robert Owen's experiment (1815-27) for the social improvement of the working

classes.

LAN'ARKSHIRE. An inland county of the southwestern division of Scotland, and the most populous in the country. Area, 882 square miles (Map: Scotland, E 4). Population, in 1801, 147,700; in 1851, 530,170; in 1891, 1,105,899; in 1901, 1,339,300. The surface is exceed ingly varied, and rises from the northwest to the southeast and south, the principal hills being the Lowthers, which attain a maximum altitude of 2403 feet in Green Hill. The county is watered by the Clyde (q.v.) and its affluents. The northern part is the chief mining region of the county. Iron ore is smelted at Glasgow, Hamilton, Govan, Motherwell, etc. The cotton, flax, and woolen manufactures, carried on in and around Glasgow, are the most important sources of wealth in the county. Agricultural pursuits include stock-raising for dairy purposes and

market gardening. Capital, Lanark. Lanarkshire, at an early period, was inhabited by the Damnu, a Celtic tribe. Numerous traces of their habitation exist in the form of mounds, fortifications, and circles. In the seventh century a large district, including Lanarkshire, was subdued by the Saxons of Northumbria.

LANCASHIRE, lan'kå-sher. A northwestern maritime county of England, bounded north by Cumberland and Westmoreland, east by Yorkshire, south by Cheshire, and west by the Irish Sea (Map: England, D 3). Area, 1757 square miles. Population, in 1891, 3,926,760; in 1901, 4,406,787. The north and eastern portions are hilly, and the west, toward the coast, level. The chief rivers are the Mersey, Ribble, Wyre, and Leven. Wheat, oats, and potatoes are generally cultivated, but Lancashire is chiefly a mining and manufacturing county. Coal and iron abound, and lead and copper are also mined. The manufacture of cotton, machinery, glass, and soap, and ship-building, are extensively carried on in Liverpool, Manchester, Preston, and Blackburn. Capital, Lancaster. In early British days Lancashire was peopled by the Brigantes and Voluntii. At the Conquest it became an earldom, afterwards a duchy, and since the reign of Edward IV. is a crown duchy and palatinate.

LANCASTER, lan'kas-ter. The capital of Lancashire, England, on the Lune, near its mouth, 45 miles northeast of Liverpool (Map: England, D 2). It has cotton-mills, iron-foundries, breweries, potteries, tanneries, and other industries. The harbor has 1700 feet of quays, and a depth of 12 feet at spring tides. There is some trade in coal and limestone. The port includes Glasson Dock, five miles southwest. The town is neat and well built. It has an ancient castle of Roman and Saxon origin, and a fine aqueduct, which carries the Lancaster Canal across the river. It owns its gas, water, and electric lighting plants, baths, slaughter-houses, technical education. The first of its many charmarkets, public parks, free library, and supports ters was granted by King John in 1193. Population, in 1891, 33,300; in 1901, 40,300.

LANCASTER. A town, including several villages, in Worcester County, Mass., 18 miles north by east of Worcester; on the Nashua River, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, D 3). It has the State Industrial School for Girls, and a public library. Though Lancaster is primarily a place of residence and a summer resort, it has dairy and farming interests, and manufactures of cotton goods, yarn, bricks, pumps, and soap. The govtown owns and operates its water-works. Popernment is administered by town meetings. The ulation, in 1890, 2201; in 1900, 2478. Lancaster, settled about 1651, by John Prescott, an ancestor of the historian, was incorporated as a town two years later. In 1676 Indians massacred forty of its citizens and laid the place in ruins. Consult Marvin, History of the Town of Lancaster (Lancaster, 1879), and The Early Records of Lancaster (Clinton, Mass., 1884).

LANCASTER. A town and the county-seat of Coos County, N. H., 127 miles north of Concord; on the Israel River, and on the Maine Central and the Boston and Maine railroads (Map: New Hampshire, H 4). It is a popular residential place and summer resort, attractively

situated among the White Mountains, and has a public library. It is also the commercial centre for the neighboring White Mountain resorts, and manufactures lumber, woodwork, machinery, belt-hooks, drugs, etc. There are municipal water-works. Population, in 1890, 3373; in 1900, 3190.

LANCASTER. A village in Erie County, N. Y., 10 miles east of Buffalo; on the Lackawanna, the Erie, the New York Central, and the Lehigh Valley railroads (Map: New York, B 3). It is of considerable importance as a manufac turing centre, having iron and brass foundries and machine-shops, malleable-iron works, knifeworks, glass-works, flouring-mills, brick-yards, and other industries. The new high school building, which cost $40,000, is a fine structure. Lancaster owns its water-works. Population, in

1890, 1692; in 1900, 3750.

The

LANCASTER. A city and the county-seat of Fairfield County, Ohio, 30 miles southeast of Columbus; on the Hocking River and the Hock ing Canal, and on the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley and the Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo railroads (Map: Ohio, E 6). It has the State industrial school for boys, and a fine courthouse and city hall. The city is in a rich agricultural section and in the natural gas belt; its manufactures include agricultural implements, foundry products, flour, shoes, and glass. facilities for shipping by rail and water have made Lancaster an important trade and produce centre. The government is administered under a charter of 1887, revised in 1901, by a mayor elected biennially, a unicameral council, and subordinate administrative boards, all chosen by popular election. There are municipal waterworks and gas plant. Settled in 1800, Lancaster was first incorporated in 1831. It was the birthplace of Gen. W. T. Sherman and Senator Sherman. Population, in 1890, 7555; in 1900,

8991.

LANCASTER. A city and the county-seat of Lancaster County, Pa., 68 miles west of Philadelphia; on the Conestoga River, and on the Reading and Columbia, the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Pennsylvania railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, E 3). It is the seat of Franklin and Marshall College (q.v.), with the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in the United States, and has the Lancaster General Hospital, Saint Joseph's Hospital, the Children's and Stevens's homes, the Mechanics' and several other libraries. The First Pennsylvania State Normal School is at Millersville, near Lancaster. Among other features are Long Park, the Soldiers' Monument, and Witmer's stone bridge. The city, situated in a fertile farming and tobacco-growing region, is the centre of a large trade in tobacco and produce, and has numerous tobacco warehouses, cigar and cigarette factories, cotton-mills, cork-works, caramel factories, ironworks, and manufactories of brick machines, emery wheels, umbrellas, carriages and watches. The government is administered by a mayor elected every two years, and a bicameral council which controls elections to most of the subordinate offices; the executive's power of appointment, which in these cases is subject to the consent of the council, extending only to police of ficers, police turnkey, and city-hall janitor. The city spends annually, in maintenance and opera

tion, about $235,000, the main items of expense being $77,000 for schools, $26,000 for municipal lighting, $25,000 for the water-works, $17,000 for the police department, and $16,000 for the fire department. Population, in 1890, 32,011; in 1900, 41,459.

Settled about 1718, and at first called Hickory Town, Lancaster received its present name in 1729, was chartered as a borough in 1742, and became a city in 1818. In December, 1763, the 'Paxton Boys' massacred a band of neutral Indians here. While Philadelphia was occupied by the English in 1777, Congress sat in Lancaster for a few days; and in 1784 a band of soldiers marched to Philadelphia from here to force Congress to provide for paying the Continental army, in consequence of which mutiny Congress adjourned to Princeton. Lancaster was the capital of the State from 1799 to 1812. It was the birthplace of General John Fulton Reynolds (q.v.), in whose honor a monument has been erected. Consult Mombert, An Authentic History of Lancaster County (Lancaster, Pa., 1869), and Pennsylvania Historical Collections, vol. i. (Philadelphia, 1853).

LANCASTER. A town and the county-seat of Lancaster County, S. C., 84 miles north of Columbia; on the Southern and other railroads (Map: South Carolina, D 2). It is the centre of a fertile district, growing cotton, tobacco, and grain, and has extensive cotton-mills. Population, in 1890, 1094; in 1900, 1477.

LANCASTER, DUCHY OF. An English duchy and county palatine (see PALATINE), created by royal charter. Edward III., on the death of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, conferred the duchy on John of Gaunt and his heirs forever. During the Wars of the Roses, Henry VI. and Edward IV. both endeavored so to settle the duchy that it should descend to the heirs of their body apart from the crown, and continue with them in the event of their losing the latter. The result of these attempts has been the preservation of the duchy as a separate possession in order and government, but united in point of inheritance, the monarch being possessor not as King of England, but as Duke of Lancaster. The duchy is almost co-equivalent with Lancashire. The net revenues which from £29,000 ($145,000) in 1847 had increased to £94,740 ($473,700) in 1899, are paid over to the privy purse. They are wholly exempted from Parliamentary control, except that the annual account for receipt and expenditure is presented. The county palatine forms only a portion of the duchy, which includes considerable estates not within the county palatine. There is a chancellor of the duchy (ie. of the part of it which does not lie within the county), and of the county palatine, which two offices are generally united. The Duchy Court of Lancaster, held at Westminster, and presided over by the Chancellor, or his deputy, exercises jurisdiction in all matters of equity relating to the lands of the duchy. The administration of justice has been assimilated to that of the rest of England since 1873. The office of Chancellor is a political appointment, which is usually conferred on a statesman of eminence, frequently a member of the Cabinet, who is expected to devote his time to such larger questions occupying the attention of Government as do not fall within other departments. The stipend is £2000 (nearly $10,000) per annum.

LANCASTER, HOUSE OF. The name of the dynasty which occupied the throne of England from 1399 to 1461, and again in 1470-71. The title originated during the reign of Henry III., who in 1267 made his second son, Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster. On the failure of male heirs, John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., married Blanche, the Lancastrian heiress, and in 1362 was created Duke of Lancaster. His older brother Lionel was at the same time created Duke of Clarence, and in this manner originated the rival houses of Lancaster and York. John of Gaunt's son, Henry IV., seized the crown, dethroning Richard II. (q.v.). Henry's usurpation could be justified on hereditary principles only upon the assumption that the inheritance to the crown could not pass through females, or that his ancestor, Henry Crouchback, was really older than Edward II., having according to the legend been set aside on account of a physical deformity, though in fact he was called Crouchback from having won the Crusader's cross. Henry's rule was really based upon the acceptance by Parliament of his defective title, and he is the first English king who ruled by Parliamentary right. Henry IV. (1399-1413) and Henry V. (1413-22) maintained their position through the support of Parliament and the Church, which they were careful to conciliate, and through the brilliant victories of Henry V. in France, but the long minority and inefficient rule of the last Lancastrian, Henry VI., which began in 1422, was a time of violence, ending in the Wars of the Roses. Consult: Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England, vol. iii. (5th ed., Oxford, 1895); Gairdner, The Houses of Lancaster and York (London, 1886); Ramsay, Lancaster and York (2 vols., Oxford, 1890); and the bibliographies under the separate kings. See ENGLAND; JOHN OF GAUNT; HENRY IV., V., VI. LANCASTER, Sir JAMES (c.1550-1618). An English navigator. Of his early life, which was spent among the Portuguese, little is known. He first comes into prominence as commander of one of the English vessels under Drake in the attack on the Spanish Armada in 1588, and in the same vessel, with two convoys, he sailed from Plymouth in 1591, and, after a voyage to India full of exciting adventures, returned in 1594 with rich Portuguese spoil. Another profitable prize-seeking expedition off the African coast, and the damage inflicted on the Spanish-Portuguese trade, resulted in the organization of the East India Company, and his appointment as commander of an expedition of four vessels which sailed from Torbay in 1601. Warmly received by the kings of Atchin and of Bantam, as an enemy of the Portuguese, he established most favorable commercial relations with them, and on his return to England in 1603 was knighted. The rest of his life was spent in England as a director of the East India Company. He interested himself in the project for discovering the Northwest Passage, and on his advice the Government sent out an expedition. Baffin named a strait, opening into Baffin Bay, Lancaster Sound, in his honor. Consult Markham (ed.), The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster (London, 1877), published by the Hakluyt Society.

served as a seaman, but, inspired by philanthropy, began the work of teaching without any previous training, and before the age of twenty had more than a thousand pupils under his care. This was made possible by his adoption and improvement of the plan of instruction first formulated by Dr. Andrew Bell of Madras, and hence also called the Madras system of instruction. Lancaster soon gained the support of some of the nobility, and the Royal Lancastrian Society was formed, schools were established, and buildings erected. From this grew the British and Foreign School Society, supported by the nonconforming churches, which continues to exist and supports many of the public schools of England, although the Lancastrian ideas have long since been outgrown. Lancaster's ideas had a great vogue in England, and for a time in Holland, France, and Germany; but, quarreling with his patrons, he came to the United States, where he lectured with success. His ideas were very popular throughout the Eastern and Northern States. In New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, as well as in smaller communities, this system was generally adopted. After the death of Lancaster, which occurred as the result of an accident in New York City, his family removed to Mexico, where this educational system was received with great favor, and legislative aid was granted under the control of a national Lancastrian system. The plan was also received with favor in some South American countries. The characteristics of the Lancastrian system are given under MONITORIAL SYSTEM. Consult: Lancaster, Improvements in Education (New York, 1833); Gill, System of Education (Boston, 1899).

LANCASTER SOUND. A channel connect

ing Baffin Bay with Barrow Strait, between

North Devon and Cockburn Island, in latitude 74° N. (Map: North America, K 2). Discovered in 1616 by Baffin, it was first explored by Parry in 1819.

LANCASTER, or LANCASTRIAN, SYSTEM. See MONITORIAL SYSTEM.

LANCE (OF., Fr. lance, from Lat. lancea, from Gk. Xoyxn, lonche, light spear), THE HOLY. (1) The name applied in the Greek Church to the knife with which the priest cuts the bread at communion. lance, designed to imitate the spear by which Christ was pierced. (2) A lance which is claimed by tradition to be the one employed by the Roman soldier to thrust into the side of Christ on the cross. It was discovered by Helena, the mother of Constantine, and long preserved in the portico Thence of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. the head was carried to Antioch. There by a vision it was discovered by the Crusaders in 1098, pawned by Baldwin II. to the Venetians, from whom Louis IX. of France obtained it in 1239 and carried it to Paris. It was seen there as late as 1796, but now it has disappeared. The shaft of the lance was in Constantinople until 1492, when the Sultan sent it to Innocent VIII., and it is now preserved in Rome. Another lance, also in Rome, is considered by some to be the true original.

This knife is formed like a

LANCE, GEORGE (1802-64). An English painter of still life. He was born at Little Easton, Essex, March 24, 1802. Intending to be a manufacturer, he was sent to Leeds, but, feeling