the night of January 14, 1873, an attempt was made by nine assassins to kill him, but he escaped. He remained the Mikado's chief councilor until his death. His son, Prince Iwakura Tomosada, became one of the chief officers of the Court.

IWEIN, ĕ'wân. (1) A knight of Arthur's Round Table, whose story was used in the twelfth century by Chrestien de Troyes in his Chevalier au Lion. Iwein kills a knight at an enchanted spring, and marries his widow, Landine; but leaves her, promising to return in a year. Failing to keep his word, he loses Landine's love, and, becoming insane, wanders about until, after many adventures, he is again reconciled with Landine. (2) The most important and complete work of Hartmann von Aue. It is an independent and free adaptation of Chrestien de Troyes's Chevalier

au Lion.

IXION (Lat., from Gk. 'Ilwv). In Greek legend, a king of the Lapithæ (q.v.). He married Dia, the daughter of Deïoneus, and later by treachery caused his death. When no one would purify him from the murder he prayed to Zeus, who pardoned him, invited him to his table, and gave him immortality. Intoxicated by the nectar, he sought to seduce Hera, but was deceived by a cloud in her image, and by this became father of the centaurs (q.v.). As a punishment he was fastened by serpent bonds to a fiery wheel perpetually rolling through the air. Later writers transferred the scene of his punishment to Tartarus. The story is later than the Homeric and Hesiodic poetry.

IXTAPALAPA, ē'stå-på-lä’på. A suburb of Mexico City (Map, Mexico, D 9). It was an important place at the time of the conquest by Cortés. Population, about 5000.

IXTLILXOCHITL II., êst-lel'so-che't'l (c.1500-c.1550). A chief of the Tezcucans, the most civilized among the primitive races of Mexico. Ixtlilxochitl was the son of the famous King Netzahualpilli, and at his father's death (1516) he disputed the right of his elder brother to the throne, seeking help to establish himself as King (1520) from the Spaniards, who had arrived to begin their career of conquest. He supported them throughout, thus gaining the hatred of other native princes, of his kindred, the Aztecs, and even of his own people; but he persevered, and, according to Cortés, brought 50,000 followers to aid in the Spanish siege of Mexico. After its fall he became a Christian, with the new name Hernán Cortés, and his godfather took him with himself to Hibueras (1525).

IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO DE ALVA (1568?-1648). A Mexican historian. He was a grandson of the last native chief or King of the Tezcuco tribe and of his principal wife, who was a daughter of Cuitlahuatzin, the successor of Montezuma. After graduating at the College of the Holy Cross (Santa Cruz) at Tlaltelolco, he was appointed interpreter to the viceregal court for trying native cases, a position in which he was able to render great assistance to the former subjects of his family. His birth and position enabled him to gather a great amount of invaluable information relating to the past history of the two native peoples from whom he was descended. He mastered the hieroglyphics of Anahuac, made large collections of manu

scripts, familiarized himself with the traditions and folk-lore of the country, and drew his information in some instances from those who had come into contact with the Conquistadores. All this data he carefully preserved in his numerous Relaciones históricas, which to a large extent are repetitions and condensations of each other. The Historia Chichimeca is the most important of his writings, and was completed in 1616. His works, edited by Señor Alfredo Chavero, were published by the Mexican Government in 189192; but in manuscript form they were used by Prescott in his Conquest of Mexico.

IYEMITSU TOKUGAWA, ê-ya'mit'sų to' kōō-gä'wà (1604-51). A Japanese statesman of the seventeenth century, grandson of Iyeyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa line of Shoguns. He succeeded to the title in 1624, and proved himself the ablest, after Iyeyasu, of the fifteen shoguns of the line. He continued, and completed in 1638-41, the policy of his grandfather in excluding all foreign influences, not only expelling all foreigners and eradicating every trace of Christianity, but also forbidding all natives, under penalty of death, to leave the country; and the better to secure this end, he ordered the destruction of all seagoing vessels. The Dutch were confined to the little artificial island of Deshima, in Nagasaki Harbor, and their intercourse with the outer world was limited to two ships a year. The English had already retired from Hirado. The persecution of the Christians was fierce and bloody, and in 1638 37,000 of them were hurled from the precipitous cliffs of Pappenberg near Nagasaki, and thousands more were tortured to death. He rebuilt and greatly enlarged Yedo, he lies beside his illustrious grandfather. Conand erected the gorgeous shrines at Nikko, where sult Griffis, The Mikado's Empire (New York, 1876).

or

IYEYASU (or IEYASU) TOKUGAWA, Japanese general and statesman, the first Shogun ê-ya'yȧ-s' to'kōō-gü'wà (1542-1616). A famous of the Tokugawa line, and the founder of the peace and order under which the Japanese lived from the year 1604 to 1868. Though a descendant of the famous Minamoto clan, his father was a humble peasant. He served with distinction under both Nobunaga and Hideyoshi (qq.v.). On the death of Hideyoshi, in 1598, great dissensions arose among the territorial barons daimios in regard to his successor. Many, including Iyeyasu, had sworn to protect Hideyoshi's son Hideyori, then a child of six, and to secure his succession; but many more opposed his claim as the son of a person of low birth, and sided with Iyeyasu when a movement against him compelled him to take up arms. In a bloody battle at Sekigahara, on October 16. 1600, Iyeyasu utterly routed his enemies, killing 10,000 of them. Wholesale confiscations followed, and with these lands he rewarded his adherents in such a way as to secure his own authority throughout the country. Later he captured the castle at Osaka, where the child Hideyori was with his mother, and in 1603 reported to the Mikado, receiving from him the appointment of head of the Minamoto clan, and that of Sei-i-tai Shogun, or 'Barbarian - quelling - great - general.' Not long after he received the submission and homage of the barons at Yedo, which he made his capital. The better to maintain his authority,

be ordained that each of the daimios should, with a certain number of his armed retainers, remain in Yedo six months of the year, and their wives and families should be left as hostages when they visited their own domains. He then began extensive internal improvements; he enlarged the castle at Yedo, made streets and canals, built bridges, erected buildings, drained marshes, constructed the great highway called Tokaido, which runs along the eastern coast from Yedo to Kioto, and effected many other great and lasting improvements for the betterment of the country. În 1605 he concluded peace with Korea, reestablished friendly relations with China, and retired in favor of his son Hidetada, reserving to himself, however, a large measure of control. He then took up his abode in his castle at Sumpu (now Shidzuoka), in the Province of Suruga, Occupying himself with the collection of books and manuscripts, and the composition (as is believed) of the document, in one hundred sections, known as The Legacy (or Testament) of Iyeyasu, containing laws or rules to be observed in governing the country. His policy, which aimed at the unification of the country, included as one of its features the exclusion of aliens and the alien religion, Christianity. In 1614 he issued a proclamation ordering all Romish propagandists and leaders of churches to be deported, their churches to be destroyed, and compulsory recantation of the faith by the converts. Large num.bers were deported, and thousands were massacred in the persecutions that followed. The Portuguese and Spanish were expelled, but the Dutch and English, who first arrived in Japan during this period, received commercial privileges, the former being allowed to settle at Nagasaki, and the latter at Hirado.

Iyeyasu died at Sumpu, and was buried at Kunosan in Surage, but later his remains were interred in a mausoleum at Nikko. He was canonized as To Sho Dai-Gongen, but is commonly spoken of as Gongen Sama. His festival falls on the 17th day of the fourth month. Consult: Rein, Japan () (London, 1884); Lowder, The Legacy of Iyeyasu (Yokohama, 1874); and Grigsby, in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. viii. (Tokio, 1875).

IZABAL, 'så-Bäl'. Capital of the Department of Izabal, Guatemala, situated in a mountainous but very fertile district on the south shore of Lake Izabal (or Golfo Dulce), which is connected with the Caribbean Sea by the Rio Dulce (Map: Central America, C 3). The river is not navigable for large vessels, and Livingston, at the mouth of the river, has become the port through which Izabal exports ebony, rosewood, and other fine cabinet-woods, sarsaparilla, cacao, and coffee. Population, about 3000.

IZABAL, LAKE. An inlet of the Gulf of Honduras in the eastern part of Guatemala, Central America (Map: Central America, C 3). It extends in a southwestern direction for 36 miles, and has a width of about 11 miles. Its depth is sufficient for large steamers, but the bar at the mouth makes it difficult of navigation.

IZALCO, ê-säl′kô. A remarkable volcano, near the Pacific Coast, 36 miles northwest of the city of San Salvador, Guatemala. It suddenly burst out of the plain in 1793, and since then has been active at regular intervals. Great quantities of material have been ejected, and

the cone, which has gradually risen to the height of about 2000 feet, is estimated to contain 27,000,000 cubic yards of débris. It is one of the series known as the San Salvador group of volcanoes that forms a prominent feature of the Guatemalan coast.

IZAMAL, ĕ'så-mäl'. A town in the Mexican State of Yucatan, situated 41 miles by rail east of Mérida (Map: Mexico, P 7). It is noted chiefly for its ancient ruins, which have interested many eminent archeologists, among others Charnay and Bourbourg. Population, about G000.

soldier, son of Ralph Izard. IZ'ARD, GEORGE (1776-1828). An American He was born at lege of Pennsylvania in 1792, then went to Eng. Richmond, England. He graduated at the Colland, where he entered the military school at Kensington, and after a short stay there studied pointed lieutenant of United States artillery on at Edinburgh, Marburg, and Metz. He was ap June 7, 1794; returned to America in 1797, was sent to Charleston as the engineer of Castle Pinckney, and later commanded Fort Mifflin and West Point. He was then for a short time

secretary of the American Legation at Lisbon. He resigned from the army in 1803, but at the beginning of the War of 1812 reëntered it as colonel of the Second Artillery, and rose to the rank of major-general. He was ordered to the northern frontier, where he served at first under General Wade Hampton, and later in conjunction with General Brown near Niagara, where his conduct, though approved by the Government, aroused popular criticism. This led to his pub. lishing in 1816 a volume entitled Official Correspondence with the War Department, 1814-15. President Monroe appointed him Governor of Arkansas Territory in 1825, a post which he held

until his death.

IZARD, RALPH (1742-1804). An American patriot of the Revolutionary period, born near Charleston, S. C. He inherited a large estate; was educated at Cambridge, England, and on his return to America passed his time chiefly in New York as a young man of fashion. Returning to England in 1771, he lived in London until 1774, when he went to the Continent because of the impending war between England and her American Colonies. From 1776 to 1779 he was nominally commissioner of the United States to Tuscany, period at Paris, and took an active part in the but remained during the greater part of this controversy between Franklin and Arthur Lee, siding with the latter and vigorously attacking the former. In 1780 he returned to America, and enable Congress to procure ships of war from soon afterwards pledged his valuable estate to Europe. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress, 1782-83, and was a member of the United States Senate from 1789 to 1795. His correspondence was published by his daughter in

1844.

e'sê-ô-kä't'l, or IZCOATL, ē ́skô-ä't'l (?-1436). IZCOHUATL, e'sko-wä't'l, or IZIOCATL, First Emperor of the Aztecs. He began to reign in 1427, and joined with the princes of Tezcuco and Tlaltelolco in an attempt to throw off the yoke of Maxtla, Emperor of Tepanee. They succeeded after a campaign of nearly four months and captured the tyrant, of whom they made a sacrifice. Izcohuatl afterwards did much for the

mental and material improvement of his own State and people.

IZ'DUBAR'. See GILGAMESH.

IZMAILOFF, ēz'må-ē ́lôf, ALEXANDER EFIMOVITCH (1779-1831). A Russian poet and writer of fables, born in Moscow. He was educated at the School of Mines, and shortly after was appointed Governor at Archangel, then at Tver. He is chiefly known by the hundred and twenty odd fables in which he portrays Russian character istics. A collection of them was published in 1814; he also contributed to periodical literature and wrote romances such as Biednaia Matcha (1801). The seventh edition of his poems appeared in 1849, and his complete works were issued ir. 1849.

IZRAIL, iz'ra-il. See AZRAEL

IZTACCIHUATL, ê-stäk'sê-wä't'l. A lofty mountain in Mexico, situated just north of Popocatepetl, 40 miles southeast of the City of Mexico. It is of volcanic origin, but has no crater. It is oblong in shape, and its summit is covered with perpetual snow; its profile resembles a its name, which means 'White Lady.' Its height woman lying wrapped in a white shroud, whence is about 17,000 feet. On a clear day, from the valley of Mexico, it is a most impressive and inspiring sight.

IZÚCAR, ê-sōō'kär. A city and district of Puebla, Mexico, situated 35 miles southwest of the city of Puebla, at the base of Popocatepetl (Map: Mexico, K 8). It is in the midst of a rich sugar region, and has railway communication with Puebla. Population, about 12,000.

PHONETIC CHARACTER. In English has the composite sound of d + zh, as in judge. It is thus a combination of the voiced dental explosive and the voiced palatal spirant. In French, however, the spirant value (zh) alone is given the letter, as in jour (j pronounced as the z in Eng lish azure); in German j has the original y-sound of the Latin i-consonant; in Spanish the j has a sound resembling a guttural ch. As to its source, the English j appears chiefly in words derived from the Romance languages, and hence from the Latin j (i), or di. Thus, the English word 'to judge' has its j from the OF. jugier, Lat. judicare; on the other hand, Eng. 'journal' is through the French journal from the Lat. diurnalis. Before the differentiation of J and I in English the combination Gi for J was sometimes used in Middle English, as in Gives for Jews, no doubt under Romance influence; cf. Ital. Giovanni, from Lat.

Johannes.

JABALPUR, jŭb'ul-poor', or JUBBULPORE. A division of the Central Provinces (q.v.), British India. It comprises the districts of Jabalpur, Saugor, Damoh, Seoni, and Mandla, and has an area of 19,003 square miles. Population, in 1891, 2,375,600; in 1901, 2,061,000. Capital, Jabalpur.

JABALPUR, or JUBBULPORE. The capital of a district and division of the Central Provinces, and one of the most important railroad junctions of British India, near the Nerbudda River, 200 miles southwest of Allahabad (Map: India, D 4). It is 1458 feet above the sea, picturesquely situated in a hilly, rock-encircled basin marked with numerous gorges. The town has wide and straight streets, an industrial school, and a military establishment. It manufactures cotton goods and carpets, and its export and import trade is of considerable importance. It was formerly the great centre of the

67

Thugs or stranglers, who were eventually suppressed by the British Government. The Marble Rocks, eleven miles distant, is a favorite excursion place and a scene of great natural beauty and interest. Population, in 1891, 84,500; in 1901, 89,700.

JAB'BOK (Heb. yabbok, copious river, probably from bakak, to pour forth). A stream of the East Jordan country, which rises near Rabbath Ammon, and after a course of about 65 miles, not taking into account its numerous windings, empties into the Jordan 23 miles north

of the Dead Sea. The modern name is Nahr ez-Zerqa ('blue river'). Its banks offer some of the most picturesque scenery of Palestine. Before the conquest of Canaan it separated the territories of Ammonites and Amorites (Joshua xii. 2), and later flowed through the Land of Gad. On its banks Jacob had his encounter with the mysterious antagonist (Gen. xxxii. 24-25), though it may be that the Yarnuck was the stream originally meant.

JAB'IRU (Brazilian name). (1) A large stork (Mycteria Americana), common in tropical America, and occasionally found as far north as Texas. It is about 4 feet long and 7 feet across the wings. The plumage is pure white, but the head and neck are destitute of feathers and are black, with a reddish or flesh-colored ring around the base of the neck. The bill is a foot long, very thick at the base, and slightly bent upward at the tip. The jabiru is the only true stork (subfamily Ciconiinœ) found in North America. (2) Two other storks, one Oriental and the other African, which are so closely allied that, were they not widely separated, they would probably be considered as members of a single genus. The former is the black-bellied jabiru of Australia (Xenorhynchus Australis), represented in Southeastern Asia by a similar species or variety; and the latter is the handsome 'saddle-billed' stork (Ephippiorhynchus Senegalensis) of the Sudan, one of the most common and conspicuous wading birds of the marshy region of the Upper Nile.

JABLOCHKOFF (yä'bloch-kôf) CANDLE. See ELECTRIC LIGHTING.

JABLONOWSKI, yiblô-novskê, JOSEPH ALEXANDER (1712-77). A Polish-German patron of letters. He was Waywode of Nowogrodek, and left his fatherland in 1768. He went to Leip zig, where he endowed the Jablonowski Scientific Association, and offered three prizes for