of Saratov. It produces leather, rope, and tallow, and carries on some trade in grain. Population, in 1897, 20,555.

KVIČALA, kvề-chi/lá, JAN (1834–). A Bo hemian philologist and politician. He was born at Münchengrätz in Bohemia, studied at Prague and at Bonn, and in 1859 was made professor of classical literature at Prague. His philological writings include: Czech translations of Herodotus and Sallust; Beiträge zur Kritik und Erklärung des Sophokles (1864-69); Vergilstudien (1878); Studien zu Euripides (1879); and Neue Beiträge zur Erklärung der Eneis (1881). In 1881, as a member of the Bohemian Diet, he introduced the so-called Lex Kvičala, a bill providing for separate schools for German and Czech children, and was prominent in the agitation which resulted in the division of the University of Prague into a German and a Bohemian university.

KWAKIUTL, kwä-ke-ootl' (incorrectly, KWAWKEWLTH and QUACOLTH). A group or confederacy of tribes of strongly differentiated Wakashan stock (q.v.), living in intimate association with the closely cognate Hailtzuk on both sides of Queen Charlotte Island, at the upper end of Vancouver Island, and on the opposite shore of British Columbia. Among more than twenty sub-tribes the best known are the Kwakiutl proper, near Fort Rupert, Nimkish, Koskimo, Mamalilikulla, Tsawatienuk, and Tanaktut. They are distinguished for devotion to the custom of potlatch (q.v.), which is by some believed to have originated with them, and for their peculiar social organization, according to which the whole active government is under the control of secret societies. They have the gentile or clan system, but with the descent in the male line. There are three social ranks-the hereditary chiefs, the middle estate or burgesses, and the third, who are chiefly slaves and their descendants. The middle class is made up of the members of the secret societies, and the greater the number of such societies to which a man belongs the greater is his standing and influence. The third or lowest class consists of those who are not members of any secret society, and who are in consequence shut out from any part in councils or other State affairs. The candidate for initiation must submit to severe vigil, fasting, and torture, and distribute numerous presents to each one taking part in the ceremony. The greatest of all is

the hamatsa, or cannibal society, to which no one can be admitted until he has been a member of a lower society for eight years. Women may become members, and have also their own societies. The dead are embalmed.

Having an unlimited food-supply of fish, venison, seal-meat, and berries, and being comfortably housed after the manner of the Northwest coast tribes generally, and moreover regarded by all their neighbors as the guardians of the ancient priestly rites, the Kwakiutl are strongly conservative and opposed to all the methods and religion of the white man, although they are very law-abiding. Our principal knowledge concerning the Kwakiutl is derived from Dr. Franz Boas, in the reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and Report of the U. S. National Museum (Washington, 1895). They number now about 1300.

KWANG-CHOW-FU, kwäng'chou'foo'. The native name of the Chinese city called by foreigners Canton (q.v.).

KWANG-SI, kwängsẽ (Chin., broad west). An inland province of Southern China, lying to the west of Kwang-tung. It is bounded on the south by a portion of Kwang-tung and the northeast part of Tongking; on the west by Yun-nan, and on the north by Kwei-chow and Hu-nan (Map: China, C 7). Its southerly parts are traversed by branches and spurs of the Nan-shan range, an offshoot of the great mountain masses of Tibet, which stretches through Kwang-tung to the coast range of Fu-kien. Toward the north and west hills and plains are found. It is watered chiefly by the Si-kiang, or 'West River,' which has numerous tributaries, some of them of considerable length. This river rises in Yun-nan; and after a course of 1000 miles, debouches into the China Sea below Canton. The geology of Kwangsi is not known, but its mineral wealth is said to be considerable. Besides grain it produces for export cassia, cassia-oil, and medicines. Its greatest trading centre is Wu-chow, on the Si-kiang, near the border of Kwang-tung, and 200 miles above Canton. This is an open port, and has a Chinese Imperial maritime customs station. Another open port is Lung-chow, on the Tongking frontier. The capital is Kwei-lin-fu (q.v.). Area, 78,250 square miles; population, 5,250,000, including many Hakkas (q.v.), but exclusive of many members of aboriginal tribes called Miaotse, who still maintain their independence in the mountains. A number of these Miao-tse are partly civilized and live in communities by themselves under Government supervision. The first outbreak of the Taiping rebels occurred in this province. Kwang-si shares with Kwang-tung the supervision of a Governor-General, who resides at Canton.

KWANG-SÜ, kwäng'soo', or KUANG-HSÜ. The reign title of Tsai T'ien, the present Emperor of China. He is the son of Ch'un I-hwan (commonly known as 'Prince Ch'un'), the seventh son of the Emperor who reigned as Taokwang and who died in 1850. Kwang-sü was born in 1872, ascended the throne in 1875, married in 1889, and in the same year assumed the government of the Empire. The troubles of his reign began early. In 1876 China had to pay a large indemnity and make many concessions to Great Britain because of the murder of a British consular officer on the borders of Burma in the preceding year.

In 1884 difficulties with France arose over a dispute about Tongking; Formosa was blockaded; the forts at Fu-chow and a number of Chinese war-vessels anchored there were destroyed. In 1894-95 occurred the disastrous war with Japan, resulting in the loss of Formosa. This was followed by the seizure of Kiao-chau by Germany (1897), the occupation of Port Arthur by Russia (1898), and the conditional cession to Great Britain of Wei-hai-wei. In 1898, acting on the advice of a number of young scholars whom he had summoned to his side, the

Emperor proclaimed a large number of reforms, but so numerous and so sweeping were they that the Empress Dowager became alarmed, deposed the Emperor, revoked his edicts, and condemned the young reformers to death. Six of them were beheaded, but many escaped. Then began the 'Boxer' movement, which resulted, in 1900, in the murder of many missionaries, the destruc

tion of much property, including the legations in Peking, and the siege of the Ministers and many refugees in the British Legation, necessitating large European and American armies, who destroyed the Taku forts, and captured Tien-tsin and Peking, all of which was paid for by a large indemnity. Yet much progress has been made during the reign. The Mohammedan rebellion in the northwest was suppressed, and territory, lost to China for a time, including Kulja, was recovered. Railways and telegraphs were introduced and have spread rapidly, mines have been opened, manufactures introduced, a postal service inaugurated, and the entire country practically thrown open to foreign trade.

KWANG-TUNG, kwängʻtungʻ (Chin., broad east). The most southerly of the six maritime provinces of China proper; bounded on the southeast and south by the China Sea, on the west by Kwang-si, and on the north by Hu-nan, Kiang-si, and Fu-kien (Map: China, D 7). About twothirds of its area of 79,456 square miles are covered by moderately high mountains, the chief ridges of which—known as the Nan-ling and Meiling-extend along the northern boundary, forming the watershed between the rivers Siang and Kan, which flow north to the Yang-tse and the 'North' and 'East' rivers, which have their origin in Kiang-si and flow south, the former joining the 'West River' from Yun-nan and Kwang-si at the town of Sam-shui ('Three Rivers') to form the Chu-kiang, or Pearl River, on which Canton is situated, and the latter flowing into the Chu, a little lower down. Sam-shui stands at the apex of a great delta, which is intersected by numerous navigable branches and creeks of the West and Chu rivers, and forms the richest and most fer

tile part of the province. The other important river of the province is the Han, which rises in the mountains back of Fu-kien, and falls into the sea near Swatow (q.v.). The coast-line is much broken, and islands are numerous. The largest of these is Hainan (q.v.). Another of importance is Hong Kong (q.v.). There are two prominent peninsulas; that on the south, separated from Hainan by only a few miles, is called Lei-chow and forms a department of the same name; that on the southeast forms the Department of Kow-lun, 376 square miles of which were leased to Great Britain in 1898 for ninety-nine years.

The province is rich geologically. Coal is found in three different sections. As now mined it is of poor quality, but is much used by the natives, especially in the iron and steel works of Fatshan (q.v.). Iron ore is found in twenty places, and silver-mines were worked at one time. The chief commercial products are silk and silk fabrics, which represent about 60 per cent. of the foreign exports; tea, cassia and cassia-buds, matting, 75 per cent. of the annual output being exported to New York; fire-crackers, palm-leaf fans, chinaware, and pottery, that of Shek-wan being the best. Ginger is widely grown, both on the hillsides and in fields, and a great preserving' industry is carried on at Canton, with large exports. Other noted preserves are 'chow-chow' (bamboo-shoots), pineapple, and kumquat. Other products are sugar, tobacco, galangal, turmeric, betel-nuts, cocoanuts, agaragar, and fragrant woods from Lei-chow and Hainan, China-root and star-aniseed, and various oils.

The open ports of the province are Canton, Swatow, Sam-shui, and Pakhoi. Kwang-chowwan, opposite Hainan, was leased to France for ninety-nine years in 1898, and declared a free port in 1902. Macao (q.v.), some miles below Canton, is a Portuguese possession. The CantonHankow Railway line will traverse the province from south to north. The capital of the province is Kwang-chow-fu, better known as Canton. Kwang-tung early became known to Europeans. The Arab voyagers came as early as the tenth century; the Portuguese first arrived in 1517, and a British fleet of merchantmen sailed into the Canton River in 1657. In 1684 was established the factory of the East India Company. The population is about 30,000,000, which includes about 3,000,000 Hakkas (q.v.), and a great many aborigines.

KWANTO, kwän'to' (Sinico-Japanese, barrier-east). A name loosely applied to that portion of the main island of Japan which lies east of the Hakone Mountains, referring more particularly to the Hasshiu or Eight Provinces, which were assigned by Hideyoshi to Iyeyasů. At the end of the seventh century the barrier' lay farther west, in the vicinity of Kioto, and in those days the Kwanto meant the whole region lying to the east of that.

KWAN-TUNG, kwän'tung (Chin., barriereast). A name loosely applied to that part of the Chinese Empire which lies east of the 'barrier,' meaning more particularly the barrier of the sea, but probably also to the barrier which Shan-hai-kwan, where the great wall juts into is supposed to divide Mongolia from Manchuria, and is commonly laid down on maps as 'paliit would include the two provinces of Kirin and sades,' though no palisades exist. In this sense Shing-king.

KWAN-YIN, kwän'yēn' (Chin., sound-regarding, i.e. prayer-hearing, a translation of Skt. avalokitesvara, down-gazing lord, pitying lord, misread avalokitasvara, down-gazing sound, sound-regarding). A mythical Bodhisattva, or Buddha-elect, who is worshiped in Sikkim, Nepal, and Tibet under the name Avalokita, or Avalokiteshvara; in China under the name of Kwan-yin, or Kwan-shih-yin, and in Japan as Kwan-non, or Kwan-se-on. In the first-mentioned group of countries this deity is invested exclusively with male attributes, but in China and Japan with female attributes, a change of sex which seems to date, in China at least, from the twelfth century, and has never been satisfactorily accounted for. The Grand Lama of Tibet is a living incarnation of Avalokita, the patron deity of the country and the protector of the faithful. One of his many names is Maha-Karuna (The Great Pitier'). In China and Japan Kwan-yin (Kwan-non) is known as the Goddess of Mercy.' Her worship is very popular. One of her names is Pa-nan-kwan-yin, or the compassionate goddess who succors those who are exposed to the eight kinds of suffering. As the Sung-tse Kwan-yin she is the 'Giver of Sons,' and hence is much worshiped by childless married women. Sometimes she is represented with three, or eight, or eleven faces, or with a thousand eyes and a thousand arms; the faces and eyes indicating her omniscience and the arms her omnipotence. In China the island of Pu-to. Lear Chusan, is specially dedicated to Kwan-yin,

and, as it dates from the year 915, many images with male attributes are found there. Thousands of monks and other worshipers from all parts of China, as well as from Tibet and Mongolia, visit the place annually. The worship of Kwan-yin is peculiar to that development of Buddhism which is called Mahayana, or the 'Great Conveyance.' See MAHAYANA.

Consult: Eitel, Handbook for the Student of Chinese Buddhism (Hong Kong, 1870); Edkins, Chinese Buddhism (London, 1880); Waddell, The Buddhism of Tibet (London, 1895); Lloyd, "The Development of Japanese Buddhism," in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xx. (Yokohama, 1894); and Griffis, The Religions of Japan (New York, 1895).

KWEI-CHOW, kwa'chou', or KUEI-CHOU (Chin., honorable land). "The Switzerland of

China,' an inland province, bounded on the south west by Yun-nan, on the northwest and north by Sze-chuen, on the east by Hu-nan, and on the south by Kwang-si. Area, 64,454 square miles (Map: China, C6). It is an exceedingly mountainous country, but has many fine grassy plains, though of no great extent. The population is sparse; cultivation is carried on only in the neighborhood of towns and villages. The chief crops are wheat, barley, rice, and the poppy. Coal, iron, copper, silver, quicksilver, and antimony exist in great quantity. Coal is worked extensively for domestic use. Opium, wood-oil, fibre-paper, 'rice-paper,' and white wax and gallnuts are the chief exportable products. The province supplies several considerable tributaries to the Si-kiang, which flows through Kwang-si and Kwang-tung. Its chief rivers are the Wukiang and the Yuen. The Wu-kiang rises north of the capital, and, after a course of 500 miles northeast and north, flows into the Yang-tse at Fu-chow. Owing to its rapids, it does not become navigable until it approaches Sze-chuen, 100 miles from its mouth, where it is known as the Kung-tan River. The Yuen, which flows east and northeast into the Tung-ting Lake, in Hunan, waters the southeastern part of the province. Its upper courses are obstructed by numerous rapids, but it is navigable from its mouth to within 130 miles of the capital, Kwei-yang (q.v.). With Yun-nan, Kwei-chow forms the Governor-Generalship of Yun-Kwei. The population is about 7,500.000, and consists mostly of immigrants from Sze-chuen and other neighboring provinces. The province has not recovered yet from the devastation caused by the war which existed in the first half of the nineteenth century between the Chinese and the aboriginal Miao-tse, who still inhabit the mountains.

KWEI-LIN-FU, kwa'lên'foo' (Chin., cassia forest city). The capital of the Chinese Province of Kwang-si (q.v.). It is a walled city, somewhat decayed, situated on the navigable River Kwei (Map: China, D 6).

It

KWEI-YANG-FU, kwa'yäng'foo'. The capital of the Chinese Province of Kwei-chow. is finely situated in a plain, near the centre of the province, is surrounded by walls of white marble, and contains many handsome memorial arches and monuments of the same material (Map: China, C6). It is the smallest of all the provincial capitals of China, its walls having a circuit of only two miles. Its streets are fairly wide, its shops large and prosperous-looking, and

its inhabitants civil. Their foreign goods are received through the Tung-ting Lake and the Yuen River. Its fuel supply is derived from the coalmines 10 miles west of the city.

KYANIZING. An efficacious method of preserving timber from dry rot (q.v.), by injecting into the pores of the wood a solution of corrosive sublimate; it was invented by John H. Kyan, who was born in Dublin, November 27, 1774, and died in 1850.

KYD, kid, THOMAS (c.1557-c.95). An English dramatist, son of a London scrivener, born about 1557. He attended the Merchant Tailors' School and acquired some knowledge of Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish. He died about 1595. Imensely popular were his two plays, having as hero Jeronimo (or Hieronimo), Marshal of Spain. They are known as The First Part of Jeronimo (printed, 1605), and The Spanish Tragedy (printed, 1594). They were both performed probably as early as 1588. They were frequently quoted and abused by later dramatists; and to the second play Shakespeare seems to have been indebted for some of the machinery of Hamlet. Kyd wrote other tragedies, and may have been the author of a lost Hamlet. Consult his Works, ed. by Boas (Oxford, 1900); Ward, History of English Dramatic Literature, vol. ii. (London, 1881); and Sarrazin, Thomas Kyd und sein Kreis (Berlin, 1882).

KYLLMANN, kilmàn, WALTER (1837–). A German architect, born at Weyer bei - Wald, Rhenish Prussia. He studied at the Academy of Architecture in Berlin, where he formed a partnership with Adolf Heyden about 1868. Their extensive activity, under the firm name of Kyllmann & Heyden, resulted in the erection of numerous public and private buildings in Berlin and vicinity, among them the "Kaisergalerie," one of the handsomest arcades in Europe. They were the architects of the Johanniskirche in Düsseldorf, the post-offices in Breslau and Rostock, and were particularly successful with their structures for exhibitions, notably the buildings of the German Empire at the Vienna Exposition of 1873.

KYLOE CATTLE. See HIGHLAND CATTLE. KYMRY, kim'ri, or CYMRY. See WALES, section on History.

KYOTO. A city of Japan. See KIOTO.

KYRIE ELEISON, kir'i-ê ê-la'i-son (Gk. Kúpte ééngo, Kyrie eleeson, Lord have mercy). and Latin liturgies. A form of prayer which occurs in both Greek It appears as a regular formula as early as the Apostolic Constitutions. In fact, the retention of the Greek form in the Western books is evidence that it comes down from the time when that language was used throughout the entire Christian Church. The number of repetitions has varied at different times, while in the East the alternation of Christe eleison was unknown. In the modern Roman Catholic mass it follows immediately upon the introit (q.v.).

KYRLE, kērl, JOHN (1637-1724). An English philanthropist. famed by Pope's eulogy of him in his third Moral Epistle under the name The Man of Ross.' He was born in the Parish of Dymock, Gloucestershire, and was educated at Ross Grammar School and at Balliol College,

Oxford, but never received a degree. His charity took the form very frequently of advancing money to a neighbor who intended to build, decorate, or alter, with the understanding that Kyrle should plan the work. In 1693 he leased a bit of ground in Ross for 500 years, and made it a public park. The Kyrle Society, named

after him, was founded in 1875; its aim is to better the common people, by laying out parks, giving concerts, and promoting house decoration and window gardening.

KYUSHU, kyoo'shoo'. The southernmost of the four principal islands of Japan. See KIU

SHIU.