take up the thread, and then closes down over the hook so that it may pass the loop through the preceding loop. The movement of the latch is regulated by the yarn as it passes through, actuated by the machine.

Circular machines have largely superseded the earlier form, on account of their greater speed and capacity. In these machines "a circular series of vertical parallel needles slide in grooves in a cylinder, and are raised and lowered successively by an external rotating cylinder which has on the inner side cams that act upon the needles." According to Byrne, from whom the preceding sentence is quoted, about 2000 patents on various forms of knitting machinery had been issued in

the United States at the close of the nineteenth century. These patents included attachments for shaping special parts, for finishing off work, and even for raveling waste work.

GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY. The remarkable in crease in popularity of all forms of knitted fabrics is shown not only by the number of machines which have been invented to produce them, but also by the enormous increase in their production, as shown by the United States Census for 1900. In 1850 there were only 85 establishments, with a combined capital of $554,734, and a combined annual product of $1,028,102, engaged in this industry. During the decade 1851-60 the value of the annual product increased seven times, and in the following decades, 2%, 12, 2%, and 1 times respectively. In 1900 the number of factories for the production of knit goods in the country was 921, with a total capital of $81,860,604, and an annual product valued at $951,482,566. In 1870 the number of knitting-machines reported to be in use was 5625; thirty years later it was 89,047. In the early days of the industry, wool was almost exclusively used for the production of knit goods. A marked increase in the use of other fibres, especially cotton and silk, occurred during the closing decade of the century. In 1890 32,248,849 pounds of cotton yarn were used in the manufacture of knit goods; in 1900 the amount so used had increased to 131,820,068 pounds. The value of silk yarn used for the same purpose in 1900 is estimated at $1,000,000.

KNOBEL, knō'běl, KARL AUGUST (1807-63). A German Old Testament scholar. He was born near Sorau in Silesia, and was educated there and at Breslau. In 1831 he became docent, and four years later professor extraordinary of the ology at Breslau, and in 1838 became professor at Giessen, where he spent the remainder of his life. His greatest service was the preparation of the commentaries upon the books of Ecclesiastes (1836), Isaiah (1843), Genesis (1852), Exodus and Leviticus (1857), and Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Joshua (1861) in the series known as Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament. The commentaries upon Isaiah and the books of the Pentateuch were rewritten by August Dillmann (q.v.).

KNOBELSDORFF, knō'bels-dorf, GEORG WENZESLAUS VON (1699-1753). A German architect, born at Kuckädel, near Krossen. He

served in the army for some years, and then studied architecture, and traveled in Italy and France. He was appointed director of royal buildings in Prussia by Frederick II., who, when Crown Prince, had been his patron. His best known works are the Berlin Opera House, the

Sans Souci Palace at Potsdam, and the extension of the palace at Charlottenburg, all in the classic style. He also laid out part of the town, and the park at Potsdam, and the Thiergarten in Berlin. For these his models were French.

KNOBELSDORFF - BRENKENHOFF, breņk'en-hof, NATALY VON (1860-). A German novelist, known under her maiden name, Nataly von Eschstruth, born at Hofgeismar, Hesse-Cassel, the daughter of an officer, and educated at Berlin. She married an officer, afterwards Captain Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff, and later settled at Schwerin. Among her novels may be mentioned: Wolfsburg (1885); Gänseliesel, eine Hofgeschichte (1886; 5th ed. 1891); Polnisch

Blut (1887; 4th ed. 1894); Hofluft (1889; 5th ed. 1894); Sternschnuppen (1890); Von Gottes Gnaden (1895); Jung gefreit (1897); Der Majoratsherr (1898); Aus vollem Leben (1900); Sonnenfunken (1901); Der verlorene Sohn (1902). Of some little dramas, Karl Augusts Brautfahrt and Die Sturmnixe (3d ed. 1888) were performed. In 1887 appeared a volume of her poems under the title Wegekraut, and in 1899 an illustrated edition of her collected works in 25 volumes began to be published.

KNOBLAUCH, knôb'louK, HERMANN (182095). A German physicist, born in Berlin. Having finished his studies, he became lecturer at the University of Berlin, then professor at Marburg, and in 1854 was appointed professor at the University of Halle. In 1878 he was appointed president of the Leopoldinisch-Karolinische Akademie at Halle. His publications, which are to be found. mostly in the Monatsschriften of the Berlin Academy, and in the Abhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle, treat espeHe was one of the cially of radiation of heat. first who demonstrated that the warmth we experience when we stand before a fire reaches us in the same way as the rays of the sun, that is, by radiation, without affecting the temperature of the vacuum or the intervening material medium through which the heat is transmitted.

KNOCK-KNEE, or IN-KNEE. A deformity consisting of such inclination inward of both knees that they are in contact when the person is walking or in a position for walking. There is naturally a slight inclination toward each other of both knees, which is accentuated in the adult female, because of the width of the female pelvis; but the legs remain perpendicular, in spite of the line of the thighs. In knock-knee the tibiæ incline outward, and the feet are separated when standing or walking. The deformity is due to weakness, and is usually a development of childhood. It may be caused by rickets (q.v.) or by an injury, or may be secondary to a deformity of the hip-joint or ankle-joint. It may be followed by a clubfoot (q.v.) of the variety valgus, or by flat foot. The treatment includes massage and straightening, practicing walking with the feet parallel, and correction with braces. Immediate correction may be secured by operative treatment, either osteotomy (cutting the thighbone) or osteoclasis (breaking the thigh-bone), and putting the joint for a time in a plaster splint. See LEG.

KNOLLES, nōlz, RICHARD (c.1550-1610). An English historian of the Turks, born probably at Cold Ashby, Northamptonshire. After graduating at Lincoln College, Oxford (1565), he be

came a fellow there, and then head-master of the grammar school, Sandwich, Kent, for the remainder of his life. His Generall Historie of the Turkes from the First Beginning of that Nation (1603) was reprinted half a dozen times before the end of the century, and issued in an abridged form in two volumes in 1701. Dr. Johnson gave high praise to the clearness and purity of its elaborately arranged English, while both Byron and Southey owned Knolles a master of prose composition.

KNOLLYS, nōlz, Sir FRANCIS (c.1514-96). An English statesman. He was a gentleman pensioner at the Court of Henry VIII., and a member of Parliament from 1542. His aggressive Puritanism rendered the Continent safer for him than England during Queen Mary's reign, but Elizabeth called him to her Privy Council (1558), making him also vice-chamberlain of her household, and captain of halberdiers, while Lady Knollys, who was the Queen's first cousin, became a woman of the privy chamber. He was made Governor of Portsmouth in 1563, was sent on diplomatic service in Ireland in 1566, and was appointed treasurer of the royal household in 1572. The most interesting part of Knollys's career relates to his association with Mary, Queen of Scots, whose custodian he was at Carlisle Castle (1568), and afterwards at Bolton. conscientiously strove to make a Protestant of her, and as conscientiously warned Elizabeth against holding her in prison without a trial; but finally voted for her speedy execution (1587). The following year he took command of the Hert fordshire and Cambridgeshire troops assembled to oppose a landing of Spaniards from the Armada. He was knighted three years before his death. His letters are of more historical importance than his Parliamentary speeches or his religious tracts.

He

KNOLLYS, HANSERD (c.1599-1691). An English Baptist clergyman. He was born at Cawkwell, Lincolnshire; was educated at Cam bridge; and was compelled to flee to New England, where his vigorous attacks on infant bap tism speedily involved him in controversy with the authorities. Cotton Mather nicknamed him 'Mr. Absurd Knowless,' although he mentioned him as 'godly Ana-baptist.' He preached at Dover, N. H., 1638-41; and in the latter year, after a brief stay on Long Island, he returned to London, where, though frequently in trouble with the authorities, he was popular as a preacher. He published several works on theological subjects, and a Hebrew grammar; and left an autobiog raphy, edited by Kiffin (1692). The Hanserd Knollys Society, founded in London in 1845, for the publication of early Baptist writings, issued ten volumes, and then disbanded.

KNOLLYS, or KNOLLES, Sir ROBERT (c.1317-1407). An English soldier of fortune, born in Cheshire. His deserved reputation as a famous fighter was acquired chiefly in Brittany, where he was first remarked at the siege of La Roche d'Orient (1346), and he was one of the knights in the Combat of the Thirty in 1351, when he was taken prisoner. On his release, he took command of a body of freebooters, was custodian to certain Breton castles, and made marauding expeditions into Normandy with Henry of Lancaster (1356-57). As leader of the Great Company, he plundered forty castles in the valley

of the Loire, pillaged Auxerre in 1359, supported John de Montfort at the siege of Auray in 1364, and went with the Black Prince to Spain in 1367, but was recalled in 1370 to England, whose King, Edward III., was planning an invasion of France. Knollys was given charge of the expedition, which, with Calais as a starting-point, laid waste the country as far as Rheims, and to the environs of Paris itself, but it was unsuccessful in drawing the French into a battle, though they were deterred from invading Wales. Knollys returned don at the suppression of the Wat Tyler rebelto England in time to take the leadership in Lonlion, and for this he was given the freedom of the city. Part of the great wealth he had acquired through his raids he spent in endowing colleges and hospitals, and in rebuilding churches after his retirement to England.

KNOORHAAN, knōrʼhän (Dutch gurnet, lit. gristle-cock). In South Africa, a bustard (q.v.). KNORR, knôr, LUDWIG (1859-). A German chemist, best known for his work in synthesis, especially his discovery of the pyrazol compounds, of which antipyrine is most commonly used. He was born at Munich; studied there, at Heidelberg and Erlangen; and was appointed professor at Würzburg (1888), and at Jena (1889).

KNORTZ, knôrts, KARL (1841-). A German-American author and educator, born at Garbenheim near Wetzlar, where he studied at the Royal Gymnasium. He graduated at Heidelberg University in 1863, and went the same year to the United States. He taught German language and literature at Detroit (1866-68), at Oshkosh till 1871, at Cincinnati, and New York (1882), and dianapolis. In 1892 he was made superintendent also edited German papers in Cincinnati and Inof the German department in the public schools of Evansville, Ind. He translated Evangeline, Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish (1872), and, in 1879, Whittier's Snow Bound and Whitman's Leaves of Grass, and he published in Berlin a Geschichte der nordamerikanischen Litteratur (1891). Besides literary essays and works upon child education, he wrote Märchen und Sagen der nordamerikanischen Indianer (1871); Amerikanische Skizzen (1876); Modern American Lyrics (1880); Aus dem Wigwam (1880); Kapital und Arbeit in Amerika (1881); and Amerikanische Lebensbilder (1884).

KNOT (also gnat, dialectic knat, knet; derived, according to popular etymology, from AS. Cnut, Canute, who was said to have been very fond of tus), 10 or 11 inches long, and more than 20 the bird). A cosmopolitan snipe (Tringa canuwhite, and rufous; in summer the under parts across the wings. The upper parts are black, are rufous, while in winter they are white. The breeding habits are almost unknown, and the eggs are known only from a single specimen found by Gen. A. W. Greely, U. S. A., and described as light pea-green closely spotted with brown. Knots are generally found in flocks, feeding on small crustaceans and mollusks, and probing the ground like snipes. In summer the knot is to be found only in the far North, where it seems to be circumpolar, but in winter it migrates far to the south in all directions from its summer home, so that it is found along the shores of all the continents. It is a favorite shore-bird with gunners, who know it as 'robin-snipe' and 'gray snipe,' and its flesh is delicious.

KNOT-GRASS. A trailing weed. See POLY

GONACEE.

KNOT-HORN. Any one of the large assemblage of moths included in the family Phycitida.

The name is derived from the fact that the males frequently have the last joint of the antennæ swollen. The Phycitida are usually sombrecolored little moths with rather narrow fore wings, and broad hind wings. Their larvæ are very diverse in their habits. Some, like the larvæ of Ephestia, infest groceries, feeding upon dried figs or in flour-mills upon flour and grain.

Others inhabit silken cases on the bark of trees. Still others attack living fruit. One is the cranberry fruit-worm (Mineola vaccinii). Others web leaves together, as the rascal leaf-crumpler (Mineola indiginella). Still others, like Dakruma

coccidivora, feed upon living scale-insects. One member of this group (Erastria scitula) preys upon the black scale of the olive and orange in Southern Europe, and has recently been introduced into California for the purpose of helping fruit-growers to destroy injurious scale-insects.

KNOTT, JAMES PROCTOR (1830-). An American lawyer and politician, born in Marion County, Ky. He was educated there, but finished his law studies after his removal in 1850 to Memphis, Mo., where eight years later he was elected to the State Legislature. He was Attorney-General from 1859 until 1862, when he returned to the practice of his profession in Kentucky. Elected to Congress in 1866, 1868, and 1874, he was noted for his humorous method of dealing with public questions, attracting particular attention by a famous speech concerning Duluth, Minn. From 1883 to 1887 he was Governor of Kentucky. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of the State in 1891, and the following year took the chair of civics and economics in Centre College, Danville, Ky., where in 1894 he was appointed law professor and dean of the law faculty, from which position he resigned in 1901.

KNOTTING AND SPLICING. A knot is a

loop or combination of loops and turns joining different parts of a rope or parts of two or more ropes. A splice is a more intimate junction of parts than a knot, the lay of the rope being opened, and the ends tucked in so that the size and character of the rope at the place where the splice is made is not greatly changed. Knots are of many kinds and have many uses, but their employment elsewhere is insignificant compared with that on board ship, where they have obtained their full development. They owe their importance to the frictional resistance of the rope, which prevents the parts of the rope from slipping and thus untying the knot.

Knots may be divided into two principal types, those which are tied without separating the strands of a rope and those made by opening out the strands. The first type may be divided into: (a) made with two ends of the same or of different ropes knotted together; (b) made with the end of a rope passed around or knotted about some object; (c) knots made with the end of a 1ope knotted about itself; (d) seizings, in which a small rope is tied around a larger one. The second type of knots is divided into: (a) knots made in the lay of the rope by separating the strands; and (b) splices, in which two parts of

a rope, or the ends of a rope, or of two ropes, are joined.

The simplest knot is the overhand (Fig. 1);

its use is chiefly to hold temporarily the end of a rope from slipping away from the man who inoverhand knots are also tied in the ends of ropes tends to knot it permanently at the proper time; to prevent their slipping through a block or sheave, i.e. unreeving. In its ordinary use it therefore belongs to class b of the first group, but about a spar, placing it in classes a and c simulit may be made in the ends of a rope passed taneously. By making a second overhand knot on top of the first we get the square or reef knot (Fig. 2), the commonest and most useful knot in the manner of making the second overhand known. It differs from the granny knot (Fig. 3) firmly, and is quite easily untied, as it does not knot on top of the first. The square knot holds crush down when subjected to strain. The granny knot does not hold nearly so well, almost invariably slipping a little and frequently pulling apart; and when it does hold the parts jam to

gether so tightly that it is untied with great difficulty. The sheet or becket bend (Fig. 4) is first cousin to a square knot; instead of slipping one end through the bight of the other rope is pushed across underneath its own bends. Carrick bends (Figs. 5 and 6) are not much used, but are occasionally employed in bending two hawsers together. The blackwall hitch (Fig. 8) is used to attach quickly a rope to a hook; the double blackwall (Fig. 11) is more secure if the rope is stiff or large in proportion to the hook and therefore liable to slip.

The bowline (Fig. 12) is a very useful knot, It serves to form a loop in the end of a rope which will not slip or draw down, and yet which can be instantly untied; this latter property is due to the fact that it will not jam tightly and the parts are free to be separated the instant the strain is removed. The running bowline (Fig. 13a) is simply a bowline so made that its loop incloses the rope on which it is made. A bowline on a bight (Fig. 13b) is made, as its name indiit the first part of the operation is the same as cates, on the bight or loop of a rope. In making tying a bowline; but instead of carrying the bight around the parts on which the knot is made the loop is opened out and slipped over its own parts. The catspaw (Fig. 9) is used to shorten up the loop of a rope for the purpose of hooking a tackle to it. When neither end of a rope can be reached, and it is desirable to shorten it between two points, the sheepshank (Fig. 17) is used. The figure-of-eight knot is rarely used exThe midshipman's cept for ornamental work. hitch (Fig. 18) is also rarely used. The marlingspike hitch (Fig. 19) is very common, and is used in passing seizings and the like. It is an easy way to attach temporarily the ends of a rope to a heaver or marlingspike for pulling on it; the spike or heaver may be quickly withdrawn when the pull is finished.

The studdingsail (pronounced stu'n's'l) tack bend (Fig. 7) is used to bend the tack to the sail and for other purposes as a slipping hitch; the studdingsail halliard bend (Fig. 20) is used to bend the halliards to the studdingsail yard and to bend other ropes to spars. The fisherman's bend (Fig. 21) and the magnus hitch (Fig. 16) have a great variety of uses. The timber-hitch (Fig. 14b) is used in hoisting timber and similar