'Great Pure' dynasty established on the throne of China by the Manchu Tatars, the first having been Shun-chih, his father. Shun-chih died in 1661, and K'ang-hi's reign, according to custom, begins to be reckoned in the following year. Being only eight years old, a regent was appointed. At fourteen he assumed the reins of government, and used the power vested in his hands with prudence, vigor and success. He extended his dominion to Khokand, Badakhshan, and Tibet. He simplified the administration and consolidated his power in every part of his vast dominion, and thus became more celebrated than almost any other modern Asiatic monarch. Personally he was well disposed toward Christianity, and has been made known to all the world. He subdued many tribes, settled by treaty the northern frontier between China and Russia (1679), had the Empire surveyed by the Jesuit missionaries, and encouraged commerce with foreigners, the East India Company having been allowed to establish an agency in 1677. He was a great patron of both literature and art. Many large and important works were brought out under his own personal supervision. These included the great Imperial Dictionary of Chinese with a vocabulary of over 40,000 characters; a cordance to all literature known as the Pei-WenYun-Foo, in 110 thick volumes; two great encyclopædias, one of which, the Ku-kin Too ShuTseih-Ching, printed from movable copper type, is in 5020 volumes. Under his patronage and encouragement art flourished and attained a vigor and perfection that has never been approached since. His posthumous or temple name is Shingtsu Jin Hwang-ti.

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K'ANG-WA, käng'wä', K’ANG-WHA, or K'ANG-HOA (Japanese, River-Flower). island lying at the mouth of the Han River in Korea, and very important as guarding the water approach to the capital, Seoul. For ages it was the place of refuge for the Court during the many invasions of the country. Modern methods of warfare have made the island less valuable as a stronghold; but the archives of the Government, in duplicate, are still kept there in a fortified monastery by Buddhist monks, who are subsidized and act as a clerical militia. In October, 1866, the city of K'ang-wa was stormed and looted by the French under Admiral Roze, in revenge for the execution some months previously of nine French Jesuit missionaries in Seoul. The French marines attempting to storm the monastery were driven back with great loss. In 1871 Admiral John Rodgers, with a United States squadron, having had his survey boats fired upon, landed a force of 759 men under command of Winfield Scott Schley (q.v.), which attacked and captured the five forts. On September 19, 1875, the Koreans fired upon some Japanese marines, mistaking them for French and Americans. The next day the Japanese stormed the fort, and soon after Kuroda (q.v.) with a squadron of war-ships arrived off the island, and with Inouye (q.v.) secured the treaty by which the two nations entered into relations of peace and commerce. The island is rich in ancient monuments and very interesting to the student. On the headland above the forts stormed by the Americans the Koreans have erected tablets to the memory of their compatriots. See Trollope in the Transactions of the

Korean Asiatic Society (1901); and Griffis, Corea: The Hermit Nation (New York, 1889).

K'ANG YU-WEI, käng you' wa' (c.1858-). A Chinese scholar and reformer, born in Canton. He became a Chin-shih or Doctor of Literature, the highest in China, and was the author of a new commentary on the Chinese classics. He came under the influence of the missionaries, and made himself acquainted through their books with the history and philosophy of Western nations, and became the leader of the Party of Reform. He had a large following among students in several provinces, who called him the Modern Sage,' and he was one of a large number of educated young men recommended to the Emperor Kwang-hsü (at his own request) by Peking officials, viceroys, and governors to assist him in reform. When the Emperor promulgated his reforms, a reaction set in; he was practically deposed by the Dowager Empress, many of his admirers were executed or imprisoned, but K'ang Yu-Wei made his escape, and went to Hong Kong, or some other place out of Chinese jurisdiction. KANITZ, käʼnits, FELIX PHILIPP (1828-1904). An Hungarian ethnologist and archæologist, born at Budapest and educated at Vienna. He traveled through Germany, Belgium, France, and Italy, and after a trip to the South Slavic countries gave himself up almost entirely to the art and ethnology of Albania, Herzegovina, Servia, and Bulgaria. His more important writings are: Die römischen Funde in Serbien (1861); Serbiens byzantinische Monumente (1862); Reise in Südserbien und Nordbulgarien (1868); Serbien (1868); Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan (3d ed. 1882); Katechismus der Ornamentik (4th ed. 1891); and Römische Studien in Serbien (1892).

KANITZ, kä'nits, HANS WILHELM ALEXANDER, Count (1841-). A German politician, born at Mednicken and educated at Heidelberg and Berlin. He became a member of the Prussian Lower House in 1885 and of the German Reichstag in 1889. He is best known as a defender of protective tariffs and of agricultural interests, and as the author of the Antrag Kanitz, a paternal measure enjoining on the Government the purchase and sale, at an average rate, of all imported cereals. This bill came up once in 1894 and thrice in 1895, and was defeated by heavy pluralities. He wrote Aphorismen über Getreidezölle (1879), Die preussischen Ostprovinzen und die Zollreform (1880), and Die Festsetzung von Mindestpreisen für das ausländische Getreide (4th ed. 1895).

KANIZSA (konê-zhō), NAGY, nod'y' ('big'). A royal free town of Hungary, situated in the County of Zala, 136 miles by rail southwest of Budapest (Map: Hungary, È 3). It has two monasteries and a higher gymnasium. There are a number of important distilleries. The town has a considerable trade in agricultural products and live stock. Population, in 1890, 21,234; in 1900, 23,255, mostly Catholic Magyars.

KANIZSA, Ó (‘old'). A town in the County of Bács-Bodrog, Hungary, situated on the right bank of the Theiss, about 15 miles south-southeast of Szegedin. Tobacco, wheat, and millet are raised extensively in the vicinity. Stock-raising and shipping are other occupations. Population, in 1903, 16,532, mostly Catholic Magyars.

KANKAKEE, kāņ'kå-kē'. One of the two rivers whose junction in Grundy County, Illinois, forms the Illinois River (Map: Illinois, D 2). It rises near the northern boundary of Indiana, and flows west-southwest, past the city of Kankakee, Ill., to its junction with the Des Plaines.

saltpetre, ivory, and ostrich-feathers. Population probably about 50,000.

KANSA, kän'så. See KAW.

KANSAS. (Named after the Kansas Indians, called by themselves Kanze, a word said to refer to the wind; popularly known as the 'Sunflower

land, Cincinnati, Chicago, and Saint Louis, the Illinois Central, the Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, and other railroads (Map: Illinois, E 2). The river, broad and deep at this point, furnishes excellent water-power, which is used for manufacturing purposes, as well as for generating electricity for city lighting and the operation of street railways. The most important manufactures are plows, buggies, starch, and iron beds. There are also carriage and wagon factories, grain-elevators, stone-quarries, household furnishings, and ornament works, brick and tile works, and establishments producing nails, foundry and machine-shop products, wire, flour, mattresses, cigars, etc. Kankakee has also considerable commercial importance as a distributing centre. The Eastern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, accommodating 2300 patients, is situated here. Other fine structures are the arcade and

opera-house, public library, high school, county jail, Conservatory of Music, and Y. M. C. A. building. Electric and Athletic parks are the two principal pleasure-grounds. At Bourbonnais Grove, a suburb three miles distant, is Saint Viateur's College, with about 300 students, one of the most prominent Roman Catholic divinity schools in the West. Settled in 1853, Kankakee was incorporated in the following year. The government, as provided by the charter of 1892, revised in 1895, is vested in a mayor, chosen every two years; a unicameral council, which elects boards of health and of local improvements and the customary administrative officials. Population, in 1890, 9025; in 1900, 13,595.

KANNEGIESSER, kän'ne-ge'ser, KARL FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1781-1861). A German author, translator, and critic. He was born at Wendemark, and was educated at Halle. He translated Beaumont and Fletcher (1808), the Divina Commedia (5th ed. 1873), Dante's lyrics (2d ed. 1842), and many others, ranging from Horace's Odes, Anacreon, and Sappho to Chaucer, Byron, and Scott. He was also famed as an exegete of Goethe, and edited with valuable notes a selection from that author's lyrical verse (1835).

KANO, käʼno. The name of a province and its capital in the Kingdom of Sokoto, now a part of the British North Nigeria, in West Africa. The district lies between the Niger and Bornu. It is rich in tropical fruits, and is perhaps the most pleasing part of equatorial Africa. There are about 400,000 inhabitants Fuians, Hausas, and slaves. Kano, the capital, lies 230 miles southeast of the city of Sokoto (Map: Africa, E 3). It is an important trading point, being visited by merchants from the northern countries of Africa and even from Arabia. A blue cotton material made by the natives is a prominent article of export. Sandals, shoes, weapons, grain, leather goods, and indigo are also heavily dealt in, as well as kola-nuts, and

United States. It lies exactly in the centre of the country, between 94° 37' and 102° west longitude; its north and south boundaries are formed, respectively, by the 40th and the 37th parallels. The State is bounded on the north by Nebraska, on the east by Missouri, on the south by Indian Territory and Oklahoma, and on the west by Colorado. It has the form of a parallelogram with straight sides, except at the northRiver. Its dimensions are 408 miles from east eastern corner, which is cut off by the Missouri to west, and 208 miles from north to south; its rank in size among the States of the Union. area is 82,080 square miles, giving it the tenth

TOPOGRAPHY. Kansas lies within the Great Plains, which stretch in a broad belt from the Missouri River to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. Its surface rises gradually from an altitude of 750 feet in the extreme eastern part to about 4000 feet on the western boundary. The average altitude is about 2000 feet, the contour line for that height crossing the State a little to the west of the centre. The highest point is in the extreme west-4440 feet. There are no eminences rising more than 500 feet above the general level. However, the surface cannot be called flat; it is on the whole a gently rolling prairie, diversified in some places with low hills. Erosion has changed the contour considerably, many of the rivers flowing through wide valleys of their own making. The broad bottom-lands of the Missouri in the northeastern corner are lined with bluffs 200 feet high, and similar but smaller bluffs are found along many other streams, especially in the northern half of the State; in some places these bluff's form even cañon-like gorges. In the southwestern corner,

south of the Arkansas River, is a stretch of shifting sand-dunes about 100 miles long and several miles wide.

As is indicated by the general land slope, prac. tically all the rivers of Kansas, except the small secondary tributaries, flow eastward; and, owing to the regular decline in elevation, the drainage is so perfect that there are no marshy tracts and no lakes of any size in the State. The two principal drainage systems are those of the Kansas River in the north and the Arkansas in the south, the former joining the Missouri on the northeastern boundary, the latter turning southeastward and leaving the State through the southern boundary. The principal tributary systems of the Kansas are those of its two headstreams, the Republican River, which enters the State from Nebraska, and the Smoky Hill River, which, with its two chief affluents, the Solomon and the Saline, drains the whole northwestern quarter of the State. The tributaries of the Arkansas within the State are mostly small streams, but the southeastern corner is drained by the large Neosho River and its main affluent, the Verdigris, which flow southward and enter the Arkansas in Indian Territory.

The forested area of Kansas, like that of the other States in the Great Plains, is inconsider