planted his real name. Beside this he was also dubbed 'Atom-Devourer,' Kana-bhaksha, Kanabhuj. According to some he was identical with the sage Kasyapa, as holding the individuality of single spirits as distinct from the Supreme Spirit. See VAISESHIKA.

KANAGAWA, kä'nå-gä'wå (Japanese, Golden Stream). A prefectural town of Japan, on the Bay of Tokio, near Yokohama. It is on the Tokaido, or East Sea Road, which connects Tokio with Kioto, and also on the railway. Population, 11,345. Its only importance is the fact that it was the official site of the treaty port; but being on the great highway along which the great daimios and their numerous armed retainers were daily passing (foreigners were unnecessarily exposed to their hostility and constant attacks), the Japanese Government was much pleased when the foreign community moved across the Strand' to Yokohama.

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KANAKA, kȧ-nä'kȧ (Hawaiian, man). term used at first by the white sailors and traders to designate the natives of the Hawaiian Islands, and later on all Polynesian slaves, contract laborers, etc. Some ethnologists (e.g. Peschel in 1874) employed the term to denote the Hawaiians, others (e.g. Quatrefages and Topinard in 1870-78) spoke of the 'Kanaka or Polynesian race,' using it in the widest sense. It is now in use in the sense of 'coolie,' 'contract laborer,' etc.

KANANUR, kä'nå-nōōr', or CANANORE. A municipal seaport and military station of the Malabar District, Madras, British India, 50 miles north of Calicut (Map: India, C 6). The town stands at the head of a bay, which, opening from the south, forms its harbor, while the fort and cantonments occupy the bluff headland, which

shelters the inlet on the side of the Arabian Sea. The anchorage is two miles from the shore. Besides pepper, grain, and timber, the neighborhood produces immense quantities of cocoanuts, which are largely exported northward. Kananur has been a British possession since 1791, when it was taken from Tippu Sultan. Population, in 1891, 27,418; in 1901, 27,811.

KANARESE, kǎn'å-rēz'. The southwestern section of the Dravidian peoples of Southern Hindustan. They number some ten millions and inhabit the tableland of Mysore, a part of Southern Bombay, and the Kanara country on the southeast coast north of the Malayalim. They are one of the civilized Dravidian peoples, possessing an alphabet derived from the ancient Hindu and a written literature, some of whose chief works go back to the twelfth century. Their language, like the Tamil and Telugu, is a member of the Dravidian group of tongues, and it serves as the vernacular of some nine millions of persons. (See DRAVIDIANS.) There are several Kanarese poetical anthologies; one was published by Kittel (Mangalore, 1874). A sketch of the Kanarese literature will be found in the introduction to the grammar of the language issued by Rice, Naga Varmma's Karnataka Bhâsha-Bhushana (Banga lore, 1884). For a lexicon, consult: Kittel. Kan nara-English Dictionary (Mangalore, 1894); and Bucher, Kannara-English School Dictionary (Mangalore, 1899).

KANARIS, kȧ-nä'ris, KONSTANTINE (17901877). A native of the island of Ipsara, in the Greek Archipelago, distinguished for his exploits

VOL. XI.-25.

in the Greek War of Independence. In June, 1822, he blew up the Turkish admiral's ship in the Strait of Chios to avenge the cruelties which the Turks had perpetrated on the Greeks of that island. In November of the same year he burned the Turkish admiral's ship in the harbor of Tenedos. His native island of Ipsara having been ravaged, he took revenge August, 1824, by burning a large Turkish frigate and some transport ships which were carrying troops to Samos, and thereby saved Samos from the calamity which Chios and Ipsara had undergone. In 1825 he formed the bold design of burning the Egyptian fleet in the harbor of Alexandria, where it lay ready to carry troops to the Peloponnesus, and only an unfavorable wind prevented his success. In 1827 he represented his island in the National Legislature, and later was appointed to important commands by Capo D'Istria. In 1848 he was Minister of Marine and president of the Cabinet, took part in the Revolution of 1862, and held office repeatedly his last official position being that of president of under the new King, Prince George of Denmark, the Cabinet and Minister of Marine from June, 1877, till his death, on September 14th.

An an

KANAUJ, kå-nouj', or KUNNOJ. cient city of British India, capital of the pergunnah of the same name, in the District of Farrukhabad, 65 miles north-northwest of Lucknow, on the Kali Nadi, about 5 miles above its junction with the Ganges. At present the place is little more than an expanse of ruins covering a semicircle at least four miles in diameter. few poor people now in the city live in mud huts built up against the old walls. The present town is about a mile long and half a mile broad, with a ruined fort of no great antiquity. The most remarkable buildings are two handsome Mohammedan mausoleums, erected in honor of

The

Bala Pir and his son, about 1650. Kanauj was formerly one of the greatest, as well as the oldest, of Indian cities, and Lower Bengal is said to have been Hinduized as early as the ninth century B.C. by five Brahmans from this place, to whom all the Brahmans in the Lower Provinces now claim to trace their descent. Until about the twelfth century A.D. it continued to be the chief city of India, despite its capture both by Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghuri. In 1193 it was attacked by Muizz-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Sam, Sultan of Delhi, and of the House overthrew his monarchy. of Ghuri, who defeated the King of Kanauj and After this the history of the place consists only of a succession of disasters.

KANAWHA, kå-na'wå, GREAT. A river of the United States. See GREAT KANAWHA.

KANAZAWA, kå'nå-zä’wå. The capital of the Province of Kaga (q.v.), Japan.

KAN'CHIL (East Indian name). The smallest of the deerlets or chevrotains (q.v.) of the family Tragulidae, which inhabits the Malayan Islands, and especially Java, whence its name (Tragulus Javanicus). It is less than a foot high, and is gray, becoming reddish on the sides; the under parts white, with a dark stripe running up the breast.

It lives in the thickets of the jungle, or rocky places. During the day it is in hiding, and displays such astuteness generally that the Malays have a saying, 'cunning as a kanchil.'

KAN'DAHAR', or CANDAHAR. The capital of the province of the same name in Afghanistan, situated in the southeastern part of the country, about 300 miles southwest of Kabul (Map: Afghanistan, K 5). It lies at an altitude of nearly 3500 feet, and is connected by rail with Shikarpur, British India. In its appearance, Kandahar is well built, with straight and wide streets and fine buildings. It is surrounded by a strong wall with bastions and a citadel, and has a good water-supply. The chief products are silk and felt. In the vicinity are situated numerous gardens yielding large quantities of fruit. The trade is chiefly with British India. The number of inhabitants is variously estimated at from 25,000 to 50,000. Kandahar is supposed to have been founded by Alexander the Great. For thirteen centuries little is known of the place. Down to 1747, when the native rule was permanently established, Kandahar, with brief and precarious intervals of independence, was held in turn by Tartary, India, and Persia. Kandahar was occupied by the British in 1839, and after the fatal retreat of the army from Kabul in 1842 it was successfully defended by General Nott. It was again entered by the British in 1879. In the following year it was besieged by Ayub Khan. General Roberts performed a memorable march from Kabul and relieved the town, which he entered on August 31, 1880. On the following day he dispersed the army of Ayub Khan.

KANDAVU, kän'då-voo'. One of the Fiji Isl. ands (q.v.).

KANDY, kän'dê. A fortified town in the centre of Ceylon and former capital of the island, situated 82 miles by rail from Colombo (Map: India, D 7). It lies on the top of a hill and contains many ancient monuments. The most prominent of them is the palace of the former King of Kandy, a building of large dimensions and a fine sample of native architecture, now partially occupied by the Government. There are also a number of ancient temples, among which the finest is the Daladá Málagawa, or the Temple of the Tooth, named so on account of the supposed tooth of Buddha which it contains. Aside from its architecture, this temple deserves attention for its ancient manuscripts, written chiefly in Pali and Sanskrit. In the vicinity are situated the famous botanical gardens of Peradenia. Population, in 1890, 20,558; in 1900, 26,522. Consult Cave, The Ruined Cities of Ceylon (London, 1900).

KANE. A borough in McKean County, Pa., 95 miles east by south of Erie, on the Pennsylvania, the Pittsburg and Western, and other railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, C 2). It is a resort, attractive for its elevated site (over 2000 feet), healthful climate, and good hunting and fishing. Kane has glass-works, lumber-mills, and manufactures of brush-handles, woodenware, etc., and is situated in a region rich in oil and natural gas. Population, in 1890, 2944; in 1900, 5296.

KANE, ELISHA KENT (1820-57). An American Arctic explorer. He was born in Philadelphia, received an academic training in that city, and entered the University of Virginia with the intention of fitting himself to be a civil engineer. Ill health, however, caused him to change his plans, and he pursued a course in medicine

at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1842. In July, 1843, he was appointed an assistant surgeon in the United States Navy, and sailed for China on the Brandywine with Caleb Cushing, United States Minister to that country. At Peking he acted as legation surgeon until late in 1844, when, after an expedition to the Philippine Islands, he practiced privately in China until 1846. He served for some time on the west coast of Africa in 1846-47, and returned to the United States in time to take part in the Mexican War, in which he distinguished himself by his personal bravery. Special service on the Mediterranean station, and with the Coast Survey in the Gulf of Mexico, occupied his time until 1850. In May of that year he sailed for the Arctic Ocean with the first expedition sent out by Henry Grinnell (q.v.), of New York, under the command of Lieut. E. J. De Haven, in search of Sir John Franklin (q.v.). The two ships, the Advance and the Rescue, were held fast in the ice for months off the coast of Greenland, and the expedition accomplished little besides the discovery of a new island at the head of Wellington Channel, which they named Grinnell Land. The ships finally drifted southeast into Baffin Bay, extricated themselves from the ice, and returned to New York in September, 1851. Kane, who had become impressed with the idea that great results might be accomplished by a Polar expedition scientifically planned, immediately began to interest others in his scheme. Henry Grinnell and George Peabody came to his aid, and on May 30, 1853, he sailed northward in command of the Advance, accompanied by Dr. Isaac I. Hayes as surgeon. He proceeded directly up Smith Sound to latitude 78° 43' N. Here further advance was impeded by the ice, and he wintered in Van Rensselaer Harbor, from which point he and Dr. Hayes conducted expeditions on sledges in various directions, as a result of which much valuable geological and geographical knowledge was obtained. One of these sledge journeys led to the discovery of the famous Humboldt glacier (79° 12′ N.). In June, 1854, another party reached Cape Constitution, in latitude 80° 35' N., from which open sea was seen to the northward. In May, 1855, the Advance was finally abandoned, and the party after a sledge journey of 1200 miles reached Upernavik, whence they returned to the United States. The expedition resulted in adding more single expedition previously undertaken, and Dr. to the knowledge of the Arctic regions than any Kane received medals from Congress, and also the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and the gold medal of the Société de Géographie. He published accounts of both expeditions in which he took part: The United States Grinnell Expedition (1854); and The Second Grinnell Expedition (1856). Consult also: Elder, Biography of Elisha Kent Kane (1857); and Greely, American Explorers and Travelers (1894).

KANE, JOHN KINTZING (1795-1858). An American jurist and politician, born in Albany. He graduated at Yale in 1814; studied law; and, after 1817, practiced in Philadelphia. In politics he was at first a Federalist, but soon became a Democrat, was an ardent supporter of Jackson, and vigorously attacked the United States Bank. He served on the commission of 1832 to settle French indemnities. In 1846 he was appointed

knife, and one blow, fairly delivered, will kill the average hound. Kangaroos have been, and are still, so constantly hunted, that in many districts they are now exterminated. In other districts they seem to be on the increase. They are hunted not only for the flesh, which is excellent eating, and the hides, which make valuable leather, but also on account of the damage which they do by their peculiar method of grazing. The big incisor teeth of the lower jaw clip the grass or leaves like a pair of shears. Thus kangaroos nibble the grass and other plants much closer to the soil than sheep or cattle. Although not exactly gregarious, kangaroos are often seen in large numbers where satisfactory food is abundant. Under such conditions one or more of the old ones keep a sharp lookout for danger.

The number of young produced at a birth is usually one or two, but may be three. When born they are very small (an inch or less in length), blind, naked, and entirely unable to help themselves. They are taken by the mother, with her lips, and placed in the pouch on a teat to which they firmly cling with the mouth, the windpipe being so arranged that swallowing and breathing do not interfere with each other. The young do not suck the milk, but it is pumped down their throats by the action of the muscles of the mother. In the pouch the young remain for weeks or even months, gradually increasing in size, and assuming the adult form. As they mature, they occasionally leave the pouch, but they keep near the mother and return to her whenever danger threatens. At this time they are frequently seen with the head thrust out of the pouch in which they are being carried. In captivity, kangaroos are gentle and timid; cases are known where they have been frightened to death.

SPECIES. The best known species of kangaroo is the one to which reference has already been made, the common or gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), also called 'boomer,' 'forester,' and 'old man.' It is one of the largest species, an old male, when erect on his hind feet and tail, standing seven feet high, but the females are only about two-thirds as large. The color is usually dull yellowish-brown, paler beneath, darker on the tail, but the exact shade varies greatly, and generally the pelage has a distinctly grayish cast. The name 'gray' kangaroo distinguishes it from an allied slightly larger form, the great red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), so called because the fur of the neck of the male is tinged with a carmine-like secretion. The latter species also differs from the common kangaroo in having the muffle entirely free from hair. There are numerous other species of this same genus, of which Macropus Brunii deserves special mention. This species is remarkable for the fact that it is found farther north, thus nearer the equator, than most of the other members of the genus, its habitat being in the Aru Islands and Great Key, near New Guinea. The northernmost habitat of a Macropus is the island of New Ireland, northeast of New Guinea, where Macropus Browni is found. while in the island of Misol, west of New Guinea, and near the equator, there occurs another kangaroo (Dorcopsis Muelleri), representing a Papuan genus, characterized by small ears, large naked muffles, well-developed canine teeth in the upper jaw, and other peculiarities of dentition. Another Papuan

genus of great interest is Dendrolagus, which includes the tree-kangaroos (q.v.). These curious little kangaroos feed on bark, leaves, and fruit, and are found only in the forests of New Guinea. The hare-kangaroos, found only on the grassy plains of Australia, form the genus Lagor chestes, and are small, long-limbed, short-tailed creatures, which make 'forms' like those of the hare. The rock-kangaroos (q.v.) of the genus Petrogale are also confined to the Australian mainland and differ very little from the smaller species of Macropus, but inhabit rocky regions and make their retreats in caves and holes. There are three species of kangaroo in which the tail terminates in a horny point, the use of which is still unknown. They are designated the spur-tailed kangaroos and constitute the genus Onychogale, confined to the Australian mainland.

Remains of kangaroos are found fossil in the Pleistocene strata of Australia, but they are mostly referable either to Macropus or Petrogale. Some of these were larger than any of the now living kangaroos. Three genera are known which have no living representatives, and of these Palorchestes is notable as the largest known member of the subfamily. Consult authorities cited under AUSTRALIA and MARSUPIALIA. Also Banks, Journal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, edited by Hooker (London, 1896); Wheelwright ('An Old Bushman'), Bush Wanderings of a Naturalist (London, 1865). See Colored Plate of MARSUPIALS; and Plate of KANGAROOS.

KANGAROO APPLE (Solanum aviculare). A plant, native of Peru, New Zealand, Australia, and Tasmania, in which latter countries its fruit is called kangaroo apple, and is used as food. When unripe it is acrid, and produces a burning sensation in the throat, but when fully ripe, a condition indicated by the bursting of the skin, it is mealy and subacid. It is eaten raw, boiled, or baked, and is an important food product.

KANGAROO BEAR. The koala (q.v.). KANGAROO GRASS (Anthistiria ciliata). One of the most esteemed fodder-grasses of Australia and cultivated in India. It attains a

height of three feet, affords abundant herbage, and is much relished by cattle. The genus is allied to Andropogon, and has clusters of flowers are long and

with an involucre. The awns twisted. Anthistiria gigantea, Anthistiria arguens, and Anthistiria membranacea are other Australian species to which the name kangaroo grass is given. They are all nutritious grasses, and are considered valuable for pasture.

KANGAROO RAT. A rat (Perodipus Ordi) of the arid Southwestern United States, with very long hind legs and great leaping powers. It is a member of the large family Heteromyide, and is related to the jerboas. The present species is yellowish buff above, blackish on the rump. sides of nose, spot behind each ear, band across the thighs, and under parts white; tail very long and tufted. Length of body about four and one-quarter inches. It is an active, restless, nocturnal little creature, digging intricate burrows indicated by hillocks of the earth ejected, and preparing for winter by making a warm nest and storing up large quantities of sunflower seeds and similar provender.

K'ANG-HI, käng he', or K'ANG-HSI (16551722). The second Emperor of the Ta Tsing or