were in 1901 65 reformatories in the United States for juveniles, with an average attendance of 19,410. Since their establishment 210,000 children have been taught by them.

The latest development in the treatment of the juvenile offender is the introduction of special 'juvenile courts.' The average police court with its crowd of loafers has long been considered anything but elevating in its tone. In the great volume of work the magistrate could not, if he would, give proper attention to children's cases. Massachusetts led the way by having juvenile cases heard apart from others. Careful investigations were also made in advance, that the judge might know the family history and environment of the child. July 1, 1899, a special court was opened at Chicago before which are now tried all cases of dependent, neglected, and delinquent children of the county. One judge of the Circuit Court has charge. He is given wide option in disposing of the children. Private individuals and associations actively coöperate to secure the best results. Similar courts have since been established in Saint Louis, Philadelphia, New York, and other cities. The probation system is also spreading into smaller communities where special courts are not needed. Illinois, Pennsylvania, and other States now forbid the commitment of any child under twelve years of age to any jail or its detention in police stations.

The progress of the last half-century may be summed up as follows: (1) The idea of crime is set aside. The child is not a criminal. (2) The treatment should be educational, not punitive. A further step has been taken. It is recognized that prevention is easier than reformation. Improved sanitation, housing reform, compulsory school attendance, with truant schools for those who do not attend regularly, the development of home life, and similar measures occupy prominent places in the thoughts of all who are interested in juvenile offenders.

JUVEN’TAS (Lat., youth). The goddess of the cella of Minerva in the Temple of Jupiter, on youth in Roman mythology, whose shrine was in the Capitol. When a Roman youth became of age he brought an offering to Jupiter on the Capitol and paid a small tax to Juventas. Later (c.218 B.C.) the Greek Hebe was introduced to Rome under this name, and it was to her that the Temple of Juventas, near the Circus Maximus, was dedicated (B.c. 191).

JUX'ON, WILLIAM (1582-1663). An Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord High Treasurer of England. He was born at Chichester; was educated at Saint John's College, Oxford; and became vicar at Saint Giles's, Oxford, in 1609, and rector of Somerton in 1614. In 1621 he became president of Saint John's College, and in 1626 vice-chancellor. In 1628 he was made Dean of Worcester; in 1633 Bishop of Hereford and of London; and in 1635 Lord High Treasurer. He was patronized by Archbishop Laud, in whose views and policies he generally shared, without loss of popularity. In the Civil War he adhered to Charles I., and was his constant and valued adviser. He attended the King at his trial and execution; was deprived of his bishopric after the death of Charles; and was imprisoned for refusing to reveal what the King had intrusted to him. After the Restoration in 1660 he was made Archbishop of Canterbury. Juxon was prominent in the restoration of Saint Paul's.

K

The eleventh letter in the English alphabet. Its form is derived from the Phoenician, and the early Greek K, from which latter there has been little variation. It was called in Phoenician kaph, from a supposed resemblance to the hollow of a hand. This name came into Greek as kappa. K was very little used in Latin, its place being supplied by C (q.v.), which had the same sound as K. Accordingly, in the languages derived from Latin c was used to represent the hard k-sound, but in those languages which came under Greek

influence the k was retained. See under C.

PHONETIC CHARACTER. English k is a voiceless half-guttural explosive made by a closure part way between the back of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, or between the hard and soft palate, tending rather toward the front than the back of the mouth in present English pronunciation. Its sound is to a great extent expressed in modern English spelling by c, and frequently also by ck, ch, q. At present k is silent initially before n, as knight, knock. As to origin, initial English k comes from loan-words from the Greek or other non-Latin sources, as kinetic, khedive, kangaroo. After the Norman Conquest the phonetic value of c was uncertain, as the Norman element brought in the s-sound of c. This gave rise to the use of k for the hard sound of c, particularly before e and i, where the value of c was the least settled. Owing to historical survivals, k is frequently found also in words of Scandinavian, Dutch, or Northern English origin, as keg, kilt, kirk, kipper.

AS A SYMBOL. In chemistry K = potassium (kalium). K stands for knight; K.B., Knight of the Bath; K.G., Knight of the Garter.

KA, kä. According to the belief of the ancient Egyptians, the immortal part of man consisted of at least two parts-the ba, which broadly speaking represented the vital principle, and the ka. The latter was a sort of spiritual double of the individual; it was born with him, was his inseparable companion and protecting genius during life, and after death dwelt in the tomb with his body, which it could at times enter and reanimate. The body had therefore to be preserved, so that the ka might take possession of it at will. As the ka, while dwelling in the tomb, was supposed to feel bodily needs, it was necessary to provide offerings of food and drink for its sustenance, and such household effects and other appliances as its comfort required.

Neither god nor man could be conceived as existing without his ka, and when the birth of kings is represented on the monuments the ka is depicted as a new-born babe. Each Egyptian king had for his ka a sacred name, which was included in his titulary. Consult: Wiedemann, The Ancient Egyptian Doctrine of Immortality (trans., London, 1895); id., Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (trans., New York, 1897); Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt (London, 1894). See also EGYPT, paragraph on Ancient Religion.

It is

chamber). The cube-shaped stone building in the KAABA, käʼbå (Ar. ka'bah, square house or centre of the mosque of Mecca, dating from preIslamic times and taken over by Mohammed into the new faith. It seems probable that the name originally designated the square stele representing the god Hobal, who was worshiped there. mother of the god Dusares at Petra was Xaaßoû, According to Epiphanius the name of the virgin and at Tabala, in Yemen, the name originally designated the white flint stone with a crown sculptured on it which gave its name to the sanctuary (Yemenite Kaaba). The Kaaba has the shape of an irregular cube about 40 feet long, 33 feet wide, 50 feet high. Its corners are oriented. In the northeast corner, about five feet from the ground, is set the famous Black Stone which gives the Kaaba its sanctity. This stone, probably of meteoric origin, is an irregular oval about seven inches in diameter, composed of a number of broken pieces kept together by cement. held in extreme veneration by Mohammedans, and is touched and kissed by them in the seven circuits made around the building during the ceremonies connected with the Hajj (q.v.). In the southeast corner a stone of lighter color is also set, but this is not venerated as the Black Stone. Not far from the latter, six or seven feet above the ground, in the north side of the building, is the only entrance to the Kaaba, which is reached by movable staircases, one for men and the other for women. The present very ornate ones were the gift of a pious Indian Moslem. This door is opened three times a yearonce for men, a second time for women, and a third time to permit the inside to be cleaned. On the northwest side is a semicircular space surrounded by a wall, called al-Hijr or al-Hatim. Inside the Kaaba there was originally a dry well, above which was the square statue of the god. There is also said to have been a dove made of aloe wood. To judge from the account of the

Persian traveler Nasiri Khusra, in 1035, the interior was once highly ornamented with gold, silver, and costly marbles. There remain to-day the beautiful pavement of massive marble, the Arabic inscriptions which run along the walls, and the lamps of massive gold suspended from the ceiling. Though changes have been made from time to time, the building is substantially what it was at the time of the Prophet. The flat roof dates from his time. When Mecca was besieged by the Ommiads, fire almost destroyed the building, and it was restored to its original form by Hajjaj. In 1611 the walls threatened to fall in, and a girdle of gilded copper was put around them. In 1630 one of the many floods which from time to time devastate the valley in which the Kaaba stands greatly injured the building, and the whole was rebuilt, but with the original stones. The first caliphs covered the building with costly Egyptian hangings, then with red, yellow, green, or white silk. At the beginning of the ninth century the Caliph was accustomed to send three new coverings a year. Up to 1516 the Sultan of Egypt sent such a covering when he ascended the throne. Since the Osmanli rule the cover is made of thick black brocade, and is sent every year from Cairo at the same time as the maḥmal, or covered litter, the emblem of royalty. The cover has a golden legend, made up of extracts from the Koran, embroidered around its whole surface 33 feet from the bottom. A special foundation provides the money for this purpose, and the ceremony of sending it out is connected with much pomp.

The Kaaba stands within a space called the Mosque, or the Haram (Holy Place). This was originally quite small, the houses of the city reaching right up to it. This space was enlarged by successive caliphs; Al-Mahdi (777781) built colonnades all around the mosque and covered them with teakwood. In course of time seven minarets were added for the muezzins, and the space immediately around the Kaaba was surrounded by posts through which plaited cords were run and on which lamps were hung. The mosque was rebuilt by Sultan Selim II. (1566-74), and small cupolas were placed over the stoas in the colonnades. This mosque, which is very much more imposing than the simple arrangement at Mohammed's time is unequal in the length of its sides and the angles of its The floor sinks from east, north, and south to the middle; seven causeways run out from the inner circle of the Kaaba to the colon

corners.

nades. Part of the space and the flooring of the colonnades are of marble. There is a building containing the sacred well, Zemzem, the only well in Mecca. Northwest of this and opposite

the entrance of the Kaaba is the Makām Ibrahim, a holy stone of heathen times, originally kept in the Kaaba, then in a stone receptacle under the Kaaba, and now in a box under the cupola of the building. It is used by the Imam (leader in prayer) of the Shafiites. Other makāms were introduced during the twelfth centurv. The mimbar (pulpit) was introduced under the Ommiad caliphs; the present one was the gift of Sultan Solyman II. (1549).

Many legends in regard to the origin and history of the Kaaba and the Black Stone are current among the Moslems. Mohammed himself (Koran, sura xxii. 119) connected the build

ing of the first structure with the patriarch Abraham. Other legends refer this building to Adam, who is said to have fashioned it after its prototype in heaven. The Black Stone is said to have originally been white, but to have turned black, either through the sins of men or the millions of kisses which have been imprinted upon it. Consult: Snouck-Hurgronje, Mekka (The Hague, 1888-89); Wüstenfeld, Die Chroniken der Stadt Mekka (Leipzig, 1861); Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia (London, 1829); Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca (London, 1855); Salih Soubhi, Pèlerinage à la Mecque et à Médine (Cairo, 1894); Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. (2d ed., Berlin, 1897).

KAAB IBN ZUHAIR, käb ib'n zoo'hăr (Ar. Ka'b). An Arabian poet of the seventh century, a contemporary of Mohammed. His father, Zuhair ibn Abi Sulma Rabia al-Muzani, was also a poet and author of one of the seven poems of the Muallakat, the great collection of preIslamic Arabic poetry. All the other members of Kaab's family (the Muzainah) became converts to Islam, and when his brother Bujair adopted the new faith, Kaab indited a bitter and sarcastic poem which came to the notice of the Prophet, and Kaab was outlawed. By means of a clever stratagem, however, he gained access to Mohammed and recited a famous eulogy, called, from the first two words, Banat Su'ad (Su'ad-a woman's name-fled). Mohammed

was pleased and gave the poet his own mantle. Kaab is reported to have died soon after. The two poems referred to are translated by Brockelmann in his (popular) Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, pp. 52, 53 (Leipzig, 1901); the second also by Gabrieli, Al-Budatan (Florence, 1901). The best editions of the Banat Swad are those of I. Guidi (Leipzig, 1871-74) and Nöldeke, in his Delectus Veterum Carminum Arabicorum (Berlin, 1890).

KAALUND, ka'loon, HANS VILHELM (181885). A Danish poet, born at Copenhagen. He studied sculpture and painting, but the enthusi

In

asm with which his verses were received on the return of Thorwaldsen (1838) decided him to take up literature as a profession. His poems, Kong Haldan den Stærke (1840), and Valkyrien Göndul (1842), were successful but not profitable, and the same was true of his other works collection of his best old and new poems. until the publication of Et Foraar (1858), a 1875 his drama Fulvia appeared, and in 1877 another collection of poetry, En Eftervaar. A posthumous volume of verse was printed in 1885. Besides these, he wrote Fabler og blandede Digte (1844), and Fabler for börn (1845), a book for young children, illustrated by Lundye.

KAAMA, käʼmå. The true South African hartbeest (q.v.).

KAARTA, kär'tå. A territory of Western Africa, in French Sénégal (q.v.), situated between the parallel of 16° N. and the Senegal River, and crossed by the meridian of 10° W. Its area is 23.100 square miles. The country is mostly level. In the eastern part the climate is favorable, and there are fertile districts where the natives raise cereals. The population is estimated at 300.000, consisting of Soninkis and Bambaras. The former, the original rulers of