Zeus, was to the southeast of the Acropolis, near the Ilissus. Passing from Greece proper, we find in Crete a very extensive worship of Zeus which shows many traits pointing to early connection with Asia Minor, especially Caria, and the worship of Rhea-Cybele, the great mother of the gods. Here the god was born of Rhea, and here concealed from his jealous father Cronus in a cave (either the Dictean or Idean) where he was suckled by the goat Amalthea, while the armed Curetes (the regular attendants of Rhea) danced and clashed their shields to drown his infant cries. Here, too, not far from Cnosus, was shown the grave of Zeus. Much here recalls the worship of Dionysus, and obviously contains a chthonic element. In general, the god was honored on lofty mountains, as is to be expected from his nature as a god of the sky, and also of lightning, for it is around the mountain-tops that the stormclouds gather. The stories of the birth of Zeus, which have been already mentioned, appear even in Hesiod, who also tells of the overthrow of Cronus, and the establishment of the new dynasty by Zeus, who, after hard struggles with the Titans and Giants, secures his supremacy. In general, the myths about Zeus are concerned chiefly with his numerous love affairs, either with goddesses or with mortals. In some of these we doubtless have reminiscences of the association in worship of different goddesses with the supreme god, before the unification of religious views had established Hera as his legitimate consort. A large number, however, are due to the desire to trace the descent of the heroes and noble families to the great god. Aloyers, Zeus-descended, is a common Homeric epithet of the Achæan princes. In art Zeus was usually represented as bearded and of majestic presence. The artistic type was largely determined by the great gold and ivory statue of Phidias in the temple at Olympia, of which we can form but a slight notion from the late coins of Elis, and the description of Pausanias. A fine example of the later type is the well

known Zeus Otricoli in the Vatican. Consult: Overbeck, Griechische Kuntsmythologie und Atlas (Leipzig, 1871 sqq.); Preller-Robert, Griechische Mythologie (Berlin, 1887); and other works cited under GREEK RELIGION.

ROMAN. Jupiter, under various forms of the name, was worshiped throughout all Italy, and his position as god of the heavens is made even plainer by the epithet Lucetius, bringer of light, in the hymn of the Salii. This aspect of the god is obvious in the earlier forms of his worship at Rome. The Ides, or day of the full moon, were sacred to Jupiter, and in his honor was celebrated the festival connected with the vintage, apparently because the wine was especially dependent on the god of heaven for its increase. The chief sanctuary in Rome was on the summit of the Capitol, where the god was worshiped with Juno and Minerva, as Jupiter Optimus Maximus, and near by was an earlier chapel, said to have been dedicated by Romulus to Jupiter Feretrius, which contained only a piece of flint as a sacred symbol, probably of the thunderbolt, whence the god was also called Jupiter Lapis. The same development of the all-seeing and all-powerful god of the heavens to be the protector and guardian of human rights and suppliants which occurred in Greece can also be traced to Rome, where Jupiter was also the guardian of oaths, and the protector of international relations, wherefore the Fetiales

are especially connected with his cult. Here also we find Jupiter a god of battles, whose thunderbolts might be drawn down upon the enemy, and to whom the general who had slain the hostile leader dedicated the spolia opima. Jupiter also revealed the future by signs, and on one of the summits of his sacred hill, the Capitol, the augurs had their station. That Jupiter was widely worshiped in the country as giver of fair weather and sender of the rain and storm is natural, but in the Roman State his chief importance lies in the political cult at the Capitol, which came to be the religious centre of Roman rule. Closely connected with this was the worship of Jupiter Latiaris on the Alban Mountain, where was a very ancient sanctuary, apparently once the religious centre of the Latin League. Consult: the article "Jupiter" in Roscher, Lexicon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (Leipzig, 189097); Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, in Müller, Handbuch der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, iv. (Munich, 1902); Preller-Jordan, Römische Mythologie (Berlin, 1881).

JUPITER. The largest planet in our solar system, having a mass nearly three times as great as the combined masses of all the other planets. Its orbit is about five and two-tenths times as far from the sun as that of the earth, or at a mean distance of 483.3 millions of miles, greatest and least distances from the solar centre and its eccentricity is considerable, the planet's varying between 462 and 504 millions of miles. The planet's mean distance from the earth when in opposition is about 390 million miles, and it moves around the sun in eleven of our years and 314.84 days, so that the interval between its returns to opposition has a mean value of 399 days, and its orbit is inclined to the ecliptic about 1° 18′ 41". The mean diameter is about 86,500 miles, with a polar compression of about one-seventeenth, thus exceeding the earth in volume a little over 1279 times. One of the distinguishing features of the planet is the belt or stratified changeable band crossing the disk in a parallel direction with the plane of the orbit. The belt varies greatly, being at times narrow, while sometimes almost the whole disk is covered. Months will sometimes pass without any remarkable change in the telescopic appearance of Jupiter's surface, and then suddenly considerable alterations will take place in a few hours. In addition to these changeable bands, more permanent spots sometimes appear. The Great Red Spot,' first seen in 1878, is the most important of these. It is still visible. But the rotation period of the planet cannot be fixed very accurately from observations of the spots, because none of them retains its position with sufficient permanence. The rotation is known, however, to take place in about 9 hours 55 minutes. There can be no doubt but that atmosphere currents on Jupiter materially affect his appearance in our telescopes.

The inclination of Jupiter's equator to the plane of his orbit is 3° 5', which would fix the changes of the seasons within narrow limits, were the planet existing under circumstances resembling those of the earth; but as the temperature of Jupiter is above redness (how far above is not known), the sun's rays, at his immense distance, can hardly be taken as an element of the surface heat.

Jupiter has five satellites or moons, as follows:

On account of the slight inclination of Jupiter's equator to the ecliptic, and the fact that the planes of the satellites' orbits vary but little from the plane of the equator, all of them except the most distant one (which sometimes escapes) suffer an eclipse at every revolution. These eclipses of Jupiter's satellites are of interest in connection with the subject of the velocity of light, which was first estimated by means of observations of these eclipses by the Danish astronomer Roemer (q.v.) in 1675. Another most interesting phenomenon of the satellites is that of their 'shadow transits.' When a satellite passes between Jupiter and the sun, a shadow falls upon the planet. This shadow is analogous to that cast on the earth by our moon in total solar eclipses. (See ECLIPSES.) To an observer at the telescope these satellite shadows appear as tiny dark dots moving across Jupiter's disk. The satellites themselves can also be observed (though with difficulty) projected against the disk of the planet, and transiting across. The satellites are also at times hidden or occulted behind the disk. See PLANETS; SOLAR SYSTEM.

JUPITER CAPITOLI'NUS (Lat., Jupiter of the Capitol), TEMPLE OF. The national shrine of ancient Rome, dedicated to Jupiter Optimus Maximus, built, according to the common account, by Tarquinius Superbus and consecrated in B.C. 509. It stood on Monte Caprino, one of the two summits forming the Capitoline Hill, on a raised platform on the middle of a sacred site, and could be approached only from one side, the other sides being formed by cliffs. The surface of the hill was leveled in the fourth century B.C. by great walls rising from the plain and covered with inscriptions in honor of the god. The temple was a low Etruscan structure 800 feet in circumference, with a triple row of columns in front, and a cella with three divisions, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Above the pediment was a terra-cotta quadriga. The building was burned in B.C. 83, and was reconstructed by Sulla and Julius Cæsar. It was again restored under Augustus in B.C. 9, under Vespasian in A.D. 74, and under Domitian in A.D. 82. It was plundered in 455 by the Vandals, robbed of its statues and gilded bronze tiles, and gradually became a quarry for other structures. Fragments were discovered in the sixteenth century, and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries other architectural reraains which had rolled down the hill were recovered.

JUPITER OF OTRIC'OLI. The finest and most celebrated antique bust of Jupiter extant, found at Otricoli, and now in the Vatican Museum. The features are serene and majestic. The hair falls symmetrically on either side of the face, and the full beard in well-defined locks gives a massive effect. The bust is of marble, and is thought to be in imitation of the style of Phidias. See Plate with article JUPITER.

JUPITER SCAPIN, zhu'pê'târ' skȧ'pǎN' (Fr., Scamp Jupiter). A name given by Abbé de Pradt to Napoleon, in allusion to the combination of great qualities in his character with the frequent use of intrigue and trickery, typified by Scapin in Molière's Fourberies de Scapin. JUPITER SERA'PIS, TEMPLE OF (so called). This building, situated at Pozzuoli, near Naples, is really not a temple at all, but the public market of Pozzuoli, a quadrangular structure built around a court. Its ruins afford a remarkable instance of the changes which have taken and are taking place in the relative position of the land and water on the earth. Only three of the original forty-six pillars exist. They rise out of the water, the pavement of the temple being at present submerged; but they bear evidence of having been at one time submerged to half their height, which is 42 feet. The base of the pillars as high as 12 feet is quite smooth; for the next nine feet they are penetrated by a boring shell, which is still active in the neighboring rocks. The water must have covered this portion of the pillars, and while the mollusks were busy, the lower 12 feet must have been protected from their ravages by being buried in mud. The changes of level have been so gradual that the pillars have not been moved from their original position. The alternate raising and lowering of the ground level is evidently due to volcanic action.

JUPITER STATOR (Lat., Jupiter the Stayer [of flight]), TEMPLE OF. A Corinthian temple at Rome, built by M. Atilius Regulus. The best evidence places it near the Sacred Way, by the side of the Arch of Titus. Its side is occupied by ruins of a tower of the Frangipani.

JU'RA, Fr. pron. zhy'rȧ'. A range of mountains on the western frontier of Switzerland. Beginning in Southeastern France on the north bank of the Rhône at Saint-Genix, it extends northward, forming the west bank of the river till it reaches the Swiss frontier near Geneva. From that point it follows the boundary line in a long curve toward the northeast, finally passing wholly into Switzerland, and terminating on the south bank of the Rhine west of its confluence with the Aar (Map: Switzerland, A 2). The range thus defined is the Jura proper, but many geographers continue the name north of the Rhine and south of the Rhône, regarding these rivers as simply making two breaks in an otherwise continuous chain. South of the Rhône the chain is known as the Jura Alps, and merges with the Alps of Dauphiné, and other branches of the Western Alps. North of the Rhine an irregular chain extends east of the Schwarzwald through Württemberg and Bavaria as far as the Main River. This chain, called the German, or Swabian and Franconian, Jura, is similar to the Jura proper in the character of its rock formations, but different in its structure, being formed entirely by faulting.

The Jura Mountains proper consist of a series of parallel folds in the strata, forming together a plateau nearly 200 miles long and 20 to 35 miles wide. These folded ridges have in many places suffered transverse fractures, which in the form of steep gorges, known as 'cluses,' add greatly to the picturesque character of the landscape. The general height of the range is 3000 to 5000 feet. It is highest near the southern end, west of Lake Geneva, where the Crête de la Neige has an altitude of 5653 feet. Other prominent summits are the Reculet, 5643 feet; the Dôle, 5507 feet; and Mont Tendre, 5512 feet. The eastern slope falls abruptly toward the lacustrine basin forming the plain of Switzerland, and occupied by the lakes of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Bienne, and Morat; westward and northward the slope is more gradual toward the Saône Valley.

The Jura Mountains consist entirely of sedimentary strata composed of fossiliferous sandstone and limestone of Mesozoic age. This group of rocks has given the name Jurassic system to one of the main divisions of the geological scale. Glacial boulders are scattered over the slopes of the Jura in countless numbers.

The climate of the Jura is relatively severe, and large masses of snow remain on the summits during a great part of the year. The slopes are largely covered with pine forests, and agriculture is chiefly confined to the valley bottoms. principal mineral products of the mountains are lithographic stones, gypsum, and salt.

The

JURA. An eastern frontier department of France, bounded on the south by the Department of Ain, and on the east by Switzerland (Map: France, M 5). Area, 1928 square miles. Population, in 1896, 266,143; in 1901, 261,288. Of its surface, two-thirds is covered by the Jura Mountains, which reach their greatest altitude in the department in Noirmont, 5085 feet; the remainder is a low plain about seven miles wide skirting the western border. The chief rivers are the Ain, the Doubs, and the Loue. The soil on the mountains is thin and stony, but yields abundant grass; on the plain the soil is rich, and agriculture receives considerable attention. The wines of Arbois, of Poligny, of Etoile, and of Salins have some reputation. The working of rock salt is one of the chief branches of industry; coal and

iron are mined; and marble, alabaster, and lithographic stone are quarried. Gruyère cheese is extensively made, and there is a good trade in timber from the forests of Chaux, Serre, and Moisdons. Capital, Lons-le-Saunier.

An In

JURARA, zhōo'rå-rä', or ARRAU. dian name of the great turtle of the Amazon (Podocnemis expansa), the gathering of whose flesh and eggs is important to the natives of the entire Amazon basin. See TURTLE.

JURAS'SIC SYSTEM. A division of the geologic column following the Triassic and immediately preceding the Cretaceous. The name is taken from the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, where there is a great development of the rocks of this system. A fullness of detail is observable in other parts of Europe: but in America the Jurassic strata are of small extent, and in places it is impossible to separate them from the Triassic, for which reason the term Jura-Trias is employed on the maps of the United States Geological Survey. The main subdivisions of the Jurassic system are as follows: (a) Lias, or

Lower Jura; (b) Lower Oölite, or Middle Jura; (c) Middle Oölite; and (d) Upper Oölite, or Upper Jura. Strata of undoubted Jurassic age are not known along the Atlantic coast of the United States, although some geologists have considered that the upper beds of the Trias are referable to this system, while other authorities would class the Potomac beds as Jurassic. A great area of probable Jurassic sandstone, but lacking fossils, was deposited in an interior sea in Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico. In California and Oregon there are Liassic beds, while marine Upper Jurassic strata occur in northern Utah, Wyoming, and Montana. Upper Jurassic slates of great thickness and interbedded with volcanic tuffs are found in the Sierra Nevada of California and in British Columbia. In Europe there is an abundance of Jurassic rocks, which were deposited in depressions of post-Triassic time. Those of the Lias or Lower Jura cover large areas of Southern and Central Europe, and also extend in a band across Great Britain. They are lacking, however, in Russia. In the Lower Oolite much additional land was submerged, and the deposits cover Central and Northern Russia, Siberia, and the Indian Peninsula.

The Jurassic rocks abound in fossils in some areas, notably Europe, where in England alone over 4000 species have been found. The plant life of the Jurassic is similar to that of the Triassic. Among the more important forms were ferns, equiseta, cycads, and conifers. It was in development, and tree-ferns grew in great prothis era that the cycads attained their maximum

fusion. Foraminifera are found in countless

numbers in some of the limestones, as were also the siliceous cases of radiolarians, and sponges. noids swarmed. There were many delicate forms Corals were numerous, and sea-urchins and criof several orders which required special condiof life such as crustaceans, limuloids, and insects found in abundance in the homogeneous finetions for their perfect preservation. These are grained lithographic limestones of Solenhofen, Bavaria. Brachiopods still existed in the Jurassic, and lamellibranchs of the oyster type were class which culminated in this era, and included very common. The cephalopods were another forms, and belemmites in the straight shells. both nautiloids and ammonoids among the coiled Among the fishes there was an advance over those

of Triassic times. In the class of teleostomes, the ganoids continued to predominate, and many were covered with thick shining scales. Amphibia are known to have existed, but the reptiles were a prominent feature of the Jurassic fauna. Among them were turtles, lizards (the first true ones known), and ichthyosaurians, or marine reptiles, the European representative being Ichthyosaurus (q.v.), and the American one Baptanodon (q.v.). Another marine group was represented by Plesiosaurus, which differed from Ichthyosaurus in having a much longer body and neck, and larger paddles. The dinosaurians assumed prodigious proportions, but were of variable shape and size. They included the genera Megalosaurus, Cetiosaurus, Osinosaurus, and Compsognathus. The Pterosauria were flying reptiles, having a spread of wings of about three feet. They are found in the Solenhofen slates, together with a more curious fossil, the archeopteryx (q.v.). The latter represents the earliest bird known.