embellishment. On the death of Solomon, Jeroboam returned from Egypt and took the lead in another revolt at Shechem. Formal demands were made of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, to reduce the taxes and otherwise change the policy adopted by his father. Rehoboam naturally refused, and the northern tribe seceded, Jeroboam becoming King of Israel (I. Kings xii. 2-20). Wars between Jeroboam and Rehoboam and his successor, Abijam, were frequent (I. Kings xiv. 30; xv. 7). The compiler of the Book of Kings, writing from the exilic point of view, which recognized the temple at Jerusalem as the only legitimate centre of Yahweh-worship, represents Jeroboam as fearing defection if the people continued to journey to Jerusalem for worship, and for this reason he set up a cult of his own at Bethel, and at Dan (I. Kings xii. 26-33). It is the opinion of scholars at present, however, that as a matter of fact the idea of centralization of worship in one place did not exist at this time, and the northern tribes naturally recognized Bethel and Dan (q.v.) as they did other sanctuaries of the north as suitable places of worship. At these places a yearly harvest festival was celebrated on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, and Yahweh was worshiped under the form of a golden or gilded image of a bull. See GOLDEN CALF.

JEROBOAM II. King of Israel (c.782-741 B.C.). He was the son of Joash or Jehoash, third King of the Jehu dynasty. The account of his reign (II. Kings xiv. 23-29) is exceedingly

brief, but shows that he was a warrior who suc

ceeded in restoring the prestige of his kingdom and regaining from the ruler of Aram regions lost by his predecessors. Whether, however, he actually secured control of Damascus and Hamath, as is stated, is doubtful. If he did so, it must have been with the help and connivance of Assyria. The ministry of Amos and Hosea falls in Jeroboam's reign, which must in every respect

have been an eventful one.

An

JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859-). English humorist, born at Walsall, Staffordshire, May 2, 1859. He was educated at the Philological School, Marylebone. As a young man he was for a time a clerk in a railroad office, and later an actor at Astley's Theatre, London, and in the provincial cities. He subsequently became in turn a journalist, a teacher, a shorthand writer, and a lawyer's clerk. A brief account of his experiences on the stage he gave in On the Stage-and Off (1888), followed a year later by Stage Land, dealing with the conventions of the drama. His connection with the theatre enabled him to write several good comedies and farces: Barbara (1886); Sunset (1888): Wood Barrow Farm (1891); New Lamps for Old (1890); Mac Haggis (1897); Miss Hobbs (1900). Among his clever essays and sketches or short stories are Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow (1st series 1889; 2d series 1898); Three Men in a Boat, his most humorous production (1889); Novel Notes, a brilliant satire on the motives of fiction (1893); Diary of a Pilgrimage, sketches of an excursion to the Oberammergau Passion Play (1891); John Ingerfield, and Other Stories (1893); Sketches in Lavendar (1897); Observations of Henry (1901); Paul Kelver (1902).

most learned of the early fathers of the Latin Church. His full name was Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus, and he was born in Stridon, a town on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. Prosper of Aquitania gives 331 as the year of his birth, but that is probably too early. Among his eminent contemporaries were Ambrose and Augustine. His parents were persons of prominence and of property. Jerome was educated in Rome, under the rhetorician Ælius Donatus, where his tastes foretold the scholar; he began to gather a library by copying manuscripts for himself. Here also he received baptism. His strictly theological studies were begun in Treves, and continued in Aquileia, where he had Rufinus as a comrade and friend. Traveling in the East, Jerome fell sick (in Syria), and passed through a religious experience in which he was led to adopt the ascetic life. He saw a vision, and heard a voice saying, "Thou art not a Christian, but a Ciceronian!" This he took as a divine rebuke of his fondness for the classics, and he resolved henceforth to abandon secular literature altogether. But his writings show that he never really shook off the influence of his classical training. Jerome's hermit life began in 374, in the desert of Chalcis (the Syrian Thebais), where he studied Hebrew with a converted Jew. After visiting Antioch and Constantinople, where he met Gregory of Nazianzus, Jerome spent three years in Rome (382-385), in close association with Pope Damasus, at whose wish he commenced During these years he became acquainted with his translation of the Scriptures into Latin. and Paula, who were devoted to the Church and certain noble Christian ladies, especially Marcella aided it with their wealth. Paula and her daughter, Eustochium, accompanied Jerome to the East, where they settled at Bethlehem (386). Here Paula built a monastery for men, over which Jerome presided, and cloisters for women, which remaining thirty-five years of his life here, enwere under her own direction. Jerome spent the gaged in study and writing, in the practice of asceticism, and in theological controversies.

Jerome's life and work illustrate the combi

nation and conflict of pagan and ascetic Christian ideas, so common in the fourth century. He has been described as a precursor of the Humanists, but this takes into account only one side of his character. He was also an exponent of the monastic ideal and the theological controversialist, and in the latter character sometimes displayed an extreme asperity. For the history of his age, Jerome's numerous writings are of the highest value. His Latin translation of the Bible, far superior to any of the Latin versions which preceded it, lies at the basis of the Vulgate. (See BIBLE.) He also wrote commentaries on several books of the Bible. His work entitled Illustrious Men ("De Viris Illustribus"), written in 392, is a series of 135 short biographies of Christian leaders, beginning with Saint Peter and. ending with Jerome himself. It was largely compiled from the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius.

mous. Other similar treatises are the lives of Paul of Thebes, of Saint Hilarion, and of Malchus, and the bitter polemics against Jovinian and Vigilantius. Jerome became involved in warm disputes with his old friend Rufinus-over the theology of Origen-with Augustine, and with the Pelagians. The violence of these controversies has sometimes so repelled his readers that they have failed to do justice to Jerome's profound learning and to his great service to the cause of Christian scholarship.

Jerome's works were first edited by Erasmus, (9 vols., Basel, 1516-20). The best edition is by Vallarsi (11 vols., Verona, 1734-42; Venice, 1766-72; reprinted by Migne in Patrol. Lat., vols. xxii.xxx. ). The best edition of the De Viris Illustribus is by Richardson, in Texte und Untersuchungen, vol. xiv. (Leipzig, 1896). An English translation of his principal works is in The Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, edited by Schaff and Wace, vols. iii. and vi. (New York, 1892 et seq.). In general consult: Ebert, Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters (Leipzig, 1889); Dill, Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire (London, 1899); Glover, Life and Letters in the Fourth Century (Cambridge, 1901); Bardenhewer, Patrologie (Freiburg, 1901).

JEROME OF PRAGUE (?-1416). The associate of John Huss. He was born at Prague in the latter half of the fourteenth century. After attending the university of his native town, he continued his studies at Oxford, Heidelberg, Cologne, and Paris. He took his master's degree at Paris, and taught there and also at Cologne. After a journey to Jerusalem, he returned to Prague in 1407, and began to introduce the writings and opinions of Wiclif in his native land. His reputation for learning was so great that his advice was taken by Ladislas II., King of Poland, with respect to the reorganization of the University of Cracow in 1410. He entered with his whole soul into the contest carried on by his friend Huss, but with more zeal than judgment. He publicly trampled the relics under his feet, committed to prison the monks who did not share his opinions, and even ordered one of them to be thrown into the Moldau. When Huss was arrested at Constance Jerome hastened to defend him; but not receiving a safe-conduct, for which he had applied, set out to return to Prague. He was arrested at Hirschau, April, 1415, and conveyed in chains to Constance. Here he was cast into a dungeon and placed on trial. After some months' imprisonment he recanted his opinions, September, 1415, but in May, 1416, abjured his recantation with horror, and was burned at the stake, May 30th. His life has been written by Heller (Lübeck, 1835), and, with that of Huss, by Becker (Nördingen, 1858). See Huss, JOHN; CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF.

JERROLD, jěrʼold, DOUGLAS WILLIAM (180357). An English humorist, born in London, January 3, 1803. His father was a theatrical manager for several years at Sheerness, in Kent. Though Douglas was there sent to school, he mostly educated himself, reading, as time went on, Latin, French, Italian, and the English dramatists. In emergencies the boy appeared on the stage. He took a child's part in The Stranger, and acted in The Painter of Ghent in 1835, and played Master Stephen in Every Man in His Humour in 1845; but he disliked acting. In 1813 he was ap

pointed midshipman in the royal navy. After the Napoleonic wars he found employment in London as a printer's apprentice and as compositor. After some success at dramatic criticism, he began writing for the stage. His first comedy, More Frightened than Hurt, written in 1818, was well received at Sadler's Wells Theatre, in 1821. Beau Nash, a three-act comedy dealing with the history of the gambler Richard Nash (q.v.), was played at the Haymarket and published in 1825. But his great success was Black-Eyed Susan, which ran for three hundred nights at the Surrey Theatre in 1829. Thereafter he wrote many comedies and farces, among which are Time Works Wonders and The Bubbles of a Day. In the meantime he was contributing essays and sketches to the magazines, from which he made a collection, Men of Character (1838). In 1841 he joined the staff of Punch, where first appeared the popular Caudle Lectures. After several moderately successful periodicals of his own, as the Shilling Magazine (1845-48), he became in 1852 editor of Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, which soon gained public favor. He wrote several novels and tales, among which are The Story of a Feather (1844) and The Chronicles of Clovernook (1846). He died at Kilburn Priory, June 8, 1857. Though not a great writer, Jerrold was one of the most brilliant wits of his time. Consult Life and Remains of Douglas Jerrold, by his son, W. B. Jerrold (London, 1859).

JERROLD, WILLIAM BLANCHARD (1826-84). An English journalist and author, eldest son of Douglas Jerrold. He was born in London, December 23, 1826. He studied art and did some good work in illustration, but defective sight compelled him to abandon his profession for literature. He wrote considerably for his father's papers and for other journals and periodicals. On the death of his father, in 1857, he became editor of Lloyd's Weekly, a position that he held till his death, March 10, 1884. In this paper Jerrold advocated the interests of the working classes. During the Civil War in the United States he took the side of the North. He also had a leading hand in founding the International Copyright Association, of which he was president. He wrote four successful comedies and farces, of which the best known is Cool as a Cucumber, produced at the Lyceum Theatre in 1851. Of his several novels, Up and Down in the World (1863) was most read. Two solid works from his pen are Life and Remains of Douglas Jerrold (1859) and Life of Napoleon III. (4 vols., 187482).

JER'SEY. The largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands (q.v.), lying 12 miles off the coast of France (Map: France, D 2). It is of oblong form, 11 miles long, 4 to 6 miles wide, with an area of 45 square miles. It has a bold and lofty northern coast, with picturesque rocky inlets, and slopes to the south, east, and west, where it is indented by large open, sandy bays. The interior is mostly table-land, well wooded. especially in the valleys along the many winding streams which intersect the island. Jersey is divided into 12 parishes. The principal town, Saint Hélier (q.v.), is connected by rail with Gorey village and harbor on the east, dominated by the imposing medieval castle of Mont Orgueil; and on the west with the small, neat town of Saint Aubin, the line also extending to the Corbière, the southwest extremity of the island,

where is a notable lighthouse. A fine panoramic view of the island is obtained from La Hogue Bie, or Prince's Tower, a building raised on a prehistoric tumulus. Jersey is famous for its breed of cattle. The island gave its name to New Jersey in 1664. It is the seat of a United States consular agent. Population, in 1891, 54,518; in 1901, 52,796. Consult Noury, Géologie de Jersey (Paris, 1887).

JERSEY, THE. The hulk of a 64-gun vessel in Wallabout Bay, Brooklyn, used by the British as a prison ship during the Revolution. The ship was never cleaned, and for seven years was a centre of disease. It held 1200 prisoners. During her use as a prison ship 11,000 died and were buried on the Brooklyn shore. In 1902 the sunken hulk was discovered during operations connected with the building of a dock on the spot. JERSEY BLUE. An American breed of large domestic fowls, having a bluish plumage. The breast and fluff' are light blue; hackle and sickles, blue-black; feet, dark blue. They are not popular, either as table fowls or as egg-producers, but are hardy and easily kept.

JERSEY CATTLE. See CATTLE.

JERSEY CITY. The second largest city of New Jersey, and county-seat of Hudson County; an important railroad point, and a commercial and manufacturing centre (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is on the peninsula formed by the Hudson River on the east and the Hackensack River and Newark Bay on the west, and is opposite New York City, of which it is a suburb, connected by steam ferries. The Morris Canal has its eastern terminus in the city. The Central of New Jersey, the Erie, the Pennsylvania, and the West Shore railroads, whose depots are used by a number of other roads, also terminate here. The steamers of several transatlantic steamship companies sail from this port.

The city occupies an area of 12,228 acres, and includes six small parks which comprise about twenty acres. It has good electric railway service, the lines connecting with Newark, the Oranges, Rutherford, Passaic, Paterson, and towns in Bergen County. There are very few unpaved streets in Jersey City. Grand Street, in the heart of the city, and some of the avenues on the hill section back of the main portion are noteworthy for beautiful residences. In the outer limits of the city is the magnificent Hudson County Boulevard, which extends through the entire length of Hudson County, 14 miles, and five miles into Bergen County. It is 100 feet wide, and commands a grand view of varied scenery. Among the more prominent buildings are the city hall, with a soldiers' and sailors' monument; the Fourth Regiment Armory; several new public schools; Saint Francis, Christ, and city hospitals; the public library, containing over 100,000 volumes; and an historical museum, in which are preserved many colonial documents of interest. Hasbrouck Institute, founded in 1856, which now has nearly 400 students, and Saint Peter's College (Roman Catholic), opened in 1878 and at present attended by about 250 students, are well-known institutions of learning. Besides ten parochial schools, which provide for 10.000 pupils, there are in the city 27 public schools with accommodations for 30,000 pupils and having a property valuation of $2.500.000. The average cost of education per pupil has been

found to be about $22 annually. There are several convents and a full equipment of asylums, homes, and other charitable institutions.

Jersey City is almost inclosed by water, thus affording excellent docking facilities, which, with its railroad connections, have aided its development as a shipping and receiving point, though officially it has no identity as a separate port, since its returns are included in those of the

customs district of New York. It has also large slaughtering and meat-packing interests and exErie railroads have large grain-elevators here, and tensive manufactures. The Pennsylvania and there are plants of the American Sugar Refining Company and the Lorillard Tobacco factories, which rank with the largest. Among the products of the industrial establishments are soaps and perfumes, candles, crucibles, lead pencils, patent iron dump-carts, compressed gas, glass, locomotives, railroad cars. iron and steel, zinc, copper, boilers, planing-mill, foundry and machineshop products, chemicals, paints, oakum, jewelry, and pottery.

The government of Jersey City is administered by a mayor, chosen every two years; a unicameral council, elected two from each ward and one at

large; and the usual administrative officials, city clerk being elected by the board of aldermen,

The

most of whom are appointed by the executive, the while the street and water board, which controls the appointments of water assessor and water registrar, is chosen by popular election. board of education consists of 25 members, two from each city ward and one at large, appointed by the executive. The municipal budget balances at nearly $8,000,000, the principal items of expenditure being: $460,000 for schools; $375,000 for the police department, including jails; $370,000 for the water-works; $360,000 for the care and garbage removal; and $215,000 for the fire of streets, including street lighting and cleaning, department.

Population, in 1850, 6856; in 1860, 29,226; in 1870, 82,546; in 1880, 120,722; in 1890, 163,003; in 1900, 206,433, including 58,400 persons of foreign birth and 3700 of negro descent.

In 1638 Abraham Isaacson Planck, a Dutchman, bought the land on which Jersey City stands.

On

Later it passed into the hands of another Dutchman, Michael Pauw, and from him the old name Paulus Hoeck, or Hook, was derived. In 1776 fortifications were thrown up here by the Americans, but were captured later in the year (September) by the British. August 19, 1779, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Lee, Light Horse Harry,' with about 200 men, surprised the English garrison, and, with a loss of only two killed and three wounded, secured 159 prisoners, partially destroyed the works, and returned in safety. The exploit is regarded as one of the most brilliant feats of the Revolution. The British retook the place, and remained in In 1804 a possession until the close of the war. town was laid out here and was incorporated as the 'City of Jersey.' In 1820 it was reincorporated, this time as Jersey City, but did not become a distinct municipality until 1838. Bergen and Hudson were annexed in 1869, and Greenville in 1873, and a new charter was secured in 1889. Consult: McLean, History of Jersey City (Jersey City, 1895); Eaton, Jersey City and Its Historic Sites (Jersey City, 1899); and an article, "The Capture of Paulus Hook," in The

Historical Magazine, vol. iv., 2d series (New York).

JER/SEYVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Jersey County, Ill., 66 miles southwest of Springfield; on the Chicago and Alton and the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Illinois, B 4). It has a public library and a fine court-house. The county fair grounds are located here. The city is the centre of a fertile agricultural region, and carries on a considerable trade in produce, fruit, grain, live stock, etc. Settled in 1839, it was first incorporated in 1867. The government is administered under a revised charter of 1897, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a council. Jerseyville owns its water-works. Population, in 1890, 3207; in 1900, 3517.

JERUSALEM

(Heb. Yerushalayim, Gk. 'Iepovoalu, Hierousalem, Lat., Hierosolyma). The chief city of Palestine. The name is of great antiquity, being found on seven of the Tell el-Amarna letters written by Abdi-hiba, ruler of the city, to his master, Amenophis IV. of Egypt c.1400 B.C. The old form was Urusalim. On the inscriptions of the Assyrian kings it is spelled Urusalimmu. The meaning of the word is uncertain. In the early period of their occupation of Canaan the Hebrews also called it 'the city of the Jebusites' or 'Jebus' (Judges xix. 10-11). The fortified part of the old Jebusite city was also called Zion (ef. II. Sam. v. 7). The city rebuilt on the old site by the Emperor Hadrian (A.D. 136) was named by him Ælia Capitolina, but the ancient name continued in

use.

The Mohammedans call it el-Kuds, 'the holy.' See special map with PALESTINE.

THE MODERN CITY. The dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is located in latitude 31° 46′ 45′′ N., longitude 35° 13′ 25′′ E. The city is distant 33 miles from the Mediter ranean and 15 miles from the northern end of the Dead Sea. It is situated on a spur from the main ridge or watershed of Palestine, which runs out eastward for a mile and a half, and then deflects to the south for nearly the same distance. On three sides-east, south, and southwest-the city is bounded by deep ravines. The plateau thus formed was originally broken by minor valleys and hills. The highest summit was at the southwest angle. Between this broad western hill and the eastern part of the spur was a valley-the Tyropeon (ie. the cheesemakers'). The eastern hill, with several distinct summits, was somewhat long and narrow, sinking rapidly at its southern end. The three valleys, the Kidron on the east, the Tyropoon in the middle, and that of Hinnom on the south and west of the western hill, unite southeast of the city. At their junction the elevation is about 2000 feet above the sea. The summit of the western hill is over 2500 feet above sea-level, that of the eastern somewhat less. The upper portion of the Tyropcon and several minor ravines are now almost entirely obliterated by the accumulated rubbish of 3000 years' checkered history. The climate of the city is not unhealthful, but the unsatisfactory sanitary conditions produce frequent outbreaks of fever and other epidemics. The mean annual temperature is about 62°, the extremes being 25° and 112°. The annual rainfall averages a little over 23 inches. Jerusalem proper is surrounded by a long and

tortuous wall, built by Soliman the Magnificent in the first half of the sixteenth century, and practically coinciding with the fortifications of the city at the time of the Crusades. The wall is surmounted by thirty-eight towers, and is pierced by eight gates, of which the most important are the Jaffa Gate in the west, the Lamascus Gate in the northwest, and the newly opened Gate of Abdul-Hamid, a short distance north of the Jaffa Gate. The inner city is divided into four eastern and largest portion adjoining the Haram parts. The Mohammedans occupy the northesh-Sherif; the Armenians live in the southwest; the Jews in the southeast, and the Christians in The the northwest adjoining the outer city. town is laid out irregularly and the space unThe streets are narrow, equally distributed. tortuous, and dirty. The Jerusalem of the present, with its mercantile houses, hotels, stores, various educational and philanthropical institutions, has very little suggesting the city of the past. The historical interest of the city centres around the Haram esh-Sherif (the site of the Temple; see TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM; OMAR, MOSQUE OF), the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Via Dolorosa (q.v.). Of the modern religious edifices may be mentioned the Latin Patriarchal Church, the German Church of the Redeemer, the French Church of Saint Anne, the Coptic and the Franciscan monasteries, and the Armenian patriarchal buildings. The outer town, which has grown up since 1858 to the northwest of the old city, contains many Christian churches and hospices, hospitals, schools, missions, monasteries, as well as consulates and many private residences. In the neighborhood are a number of Jewish colonies. In regard to sanitary conditions the outer city is not above Jerusalem proper. The city is connected by carriage-roads with Jaffa, Bethlehem, Hebron, and Jericho, and by a narrow-gauge railway line (54 miles) operated by a French company, with Jaffa. The chief industry of Jerusalem is the manufacture of articles from olive-wood and mother-of-pearl. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the Jews. Administratively the city is the capital of a sanjak, and has two councils, in which the recognized religious communities are represented. Jerusalem is the seat of a Roman Catholic, a Greek Catholic, and an Armenian patriarch, an Anglican bishop, and numerous consuls. The permanent population is estimated at 50,000 to 60,000, of whom the Jews constitute over one-half, the Mohammedans exceeding 7000, and the Christians numbering over 10.000. The annual number of pilgrims and tourists is estimated at an average of 15,000.

THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CITY. Of the history of Jerusalem up to the time of David very little is known. The notices in the Tell elAmarna letters and the statement in Gen. xiv. 18 only show that it was a place of some importance long before the Hebrew occupation. The account of the conquest of the region south of Jerusalem by the tribe of Judah (Judges i. 8. 21, in which verse 8 seems to be a late gloss, and verse 21 is to be corrected according to Joshua xv. 63) shows that the city was too strongly fortified to be taken. With this the other ancient reference (Judges xix. 10-12) agrees. It remained a Jebusite city until its capture by David. Its King, Adoni Zedek, was captured, it is true, by Joshua at the battle of Makkedah