(q.v.), and became intimate with Duvergier de Hauranne (q.v.), better known as the Abbé de Saint-Cyran, whom he followed to Paris and to Bayonne. He came back to Louvain in 1617 as head of the new Dutch College of Saint Pulcheria, and acquired much influence as a teacher. In concert with Saint-Cyran he agitated reforms in the Church, especially in the administration of the sacraments, and a discussion of the doctrine of grace which was to have far-reaching consequences. In 1636, on the nomination of Philip IV. of Spain, he was made Bishop of Ypres, and died there two years later, in good standing and apparently unconscious of the results which were to follow the publication two years later of his great work, Augustinus, seu Doctrina Sancti Augustini. See JANSENISM; and consult Van den Peerenboom, Cornélius Jansenius, septième évêque d'Ypres, sa mort, son testament, ses épitaphes (Bruges, 1882).

JANSON, yän'son, KRISTOFER NAGEL (1841 -). A Norwegian novelist, born at Bergen. He studied theology at the University of Christiania, and afterwards interested himself in the advancement of popular education, improving his own by sojourns in Italy. From 1882 till 1892 he was minister to a Unitarian congregation of his countrymen in Minneapolis, Minn., and became editor of the Norwegian periodical, Saamanden, published there. Besides poems and dramas, his publications include numerous novels, such as: Fraa Bygdom (1866); Han og ho (1872); Marit Skjolte (1868); Torgrim (1872); Fraa Dansketidi (1875); and Den Bergtekne (1876), which has been translated into English as The Spell-Bound Fiddler.

JANSON, zhäN'SON', PAUL (1840-). A Belgian advocate and politician, born at Herstal. He first made himself conspicuous by his speeches on social reform topics delivered at the labor unions in Liège and elsewhere, and in 1877 he was sent to Parliament, where he went at once to the front as a debater, and the following year was made a member of the Liberal Cabinet. Afterwards he joined some Deputies of the Extreme Left in the formation of a radical party, claiming an extension of the suffrage, thus making a split in the Liberals. They reunited in 1889, after M. Janson had been out of Parliament for five years, and he once more brought his eloquence to bear upon universal suffrage, a question which was agitating the entire country. The Liberals of the Extreme Left were at last obliged to compromise with the party of the Right and bring in universal suffrage, with plural voting (1894). JANSSEN, yän'sen, JOHANNES (1829-91). A German historian. He was born at Xanten on the Rhine, was educated at the universities of Louvain, Bonn, and Berlin, and became a priest

of the Roman Catholic Church in 1860. He was also professor at a gymnasium in Frankforton-the-Main, and in 1880 became domestic prelate to the Pope. His historical works are as follows: Frankreichs Rheingelüste (1861; 2d ed. 1883); Schiller als Historiker (1863; 2d ed. 1879); Zur Genesis der ersten Teilung Polens (1865); Gustav Adolph in Deutschland (1865); Frankfurts Reichskorrespondenz von 1376 bis 1519 (1863-66); Zeit- und Lebensbilder (1875; 3d ed. 1879), Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu Stolberg (1876-77; 2d ed. 1882); and Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelal

ters (1877-86), his principal work, which has gone through fourteen editions.

He became pro

JANSSEN, PETER (1844-). A German historical painter, born at Düsseldorf, son of the engraver Theodor Janssen (1817-94), by whom he was first instructed before studying at the Academy under Karl Sohn and Bendemann. He was intrusted with a series of decorative works whose masterly composition and technique won him the reputation of one of the foremost modern historical painters in Germany. fessor at the Düsseldorf Academy in 1877, and its director in 1895, and was elected a member of the Berlin Academy in 1885. His more important mural paintings include: "The Colonization of the Baltic Coast" (1872), in the Exchange at Bremen; "The Myth of Prometheus," in twelve compositions, in the second Cornelius Room of the National Gallery in Berlin; "Seven Momentous Episodes in the History of Erfurt" (1882), Town Hall, Erfurt; "Human Life," "Imagination," "Beauty," and "Nature," in the Aula of the Düsseldorf Academy. Of his oil paintings, the "Denial of Peter" is in the Academy at Philadelphia; the "Infancy of Bacchus" (1882) excited great admiration at the International Exhibition in Munich; and "Walther Dodde and the Peasants of Berg Before the Battle of Worringen, 1288" (Düsseldorf Gallery), a composition of great dramatic power, containing many life-size figures, was awarded the great gold medal in Berlin in 1893.-His brother, KARL (1855-), born at Düsseldorf, became known as a sculptor of no mean ability. He was a pupil of the Academy in his native city, where he was appointed professor in 1893.

JANSSEN, zhän'säN', PIERRE JULES CÉSAR (1824-). A French astronomer, born in Paris. Chosen to report) upon natural phenomena in different parts of the globe, he went to Peru in 1857 to locate the magnetic equator, and to Italy (1861-64), to take observations of the solar spectrum. For several years he made a specialty of sun eclipses, and he escaped from besieged Paris (1870) in a balloon, so as not to miss the Algerian obscuration. The thesis he wrote for his degree of doctor of science, L'absorption de la chaleur rayonnante obscure dans les milieux de l'œil, made a sensation in 1860, and he aided in discovering the corona, through his observations of the solar eclipse from Guntoor, India (1868). The year 1874 found him in Japan, watching the transit of Venus, and the following year he went as astronomer with the English expedition to Siam. In 1875 he was put in charge of the Meudon Observatory, which he was instrumental in establishing, and in 1891 he began his ascents of Mont Blanc, which resulted in the erection of the

observatories there.

JANSSEN (JONSON) VAN CEULEN, CORNELIUS (1593-1664?). An English portrait painter. He was probably born in London, and from 1618 was the fashionable portrait painter at Court. His patronage declined after the arrival of Van Dyck, and during the Parliamentary wars he migrated to Holland, finally settling at Amsterdam, where he died during or before 1664. His portraits include those of Charles I., at Chatsworth; the Duke of Buckingham, at Welbeck Abbey; John Milton as a boy, in private possession, London; "The Magistrates," Hague

Museum. Other examples are in the museums of Dresden, Brunswick, Rotterdam, and Lille.

JANSSENS VAN NUYSSEN, vån noi'sen, ABRAHAM (1575-1632). An eminent Flemish painter, born in Antwerp, where, at the age of eighteen, he became the pupil of Jan Snellinck. He was admitted as a master into the Guild of Saint Luke in 1601, was its dean in 1606-07, and then visited Italy. A contemporary of Rubens, he ranks next to him among the Flemish masters of the seventeenth century, especially as a colorist, and occasionally surpasses him in the correct drawing of his figures. Torchlight and other artificial effects were treated by him with exceptional skill. Of his biblical, allegorical, and mythological subjects there are in the Antwerp Museum a "Madonna," an "Adoration of the Magi," and "Scaldis" (an allegorical representation of the river god of the Scheldt); in the Brussels Museum, "Old Age Resting on Faith and Hope;" in the Cassel Gallery, "Diana and Nymphs Watched by Satyrs;" in the Berlin Museum, "Vertumnus and Pomona" and "Meleager and Atalanta ;" and in the Vienna Museum, "Venus and Adonis" and "Day and Night." His finest productions, however, are to be seen in the churches of Flanders, notably an "Entombment" and "Madonna with Saints," in the Church of the Carmelites at Antwerp, and an "Ecce Homo" and "Descent from the Cross," in the Cathedral of Saint Bavon at Ghent.

gates should be closed only in time of peace, and that only once (in B.C. 235) between Numa and Augustus, who closed them three times during his reign, had such a time been known. If the custom really existed from early times, its origin is probably to be sought in the belief that the Ianus Geminus was the entrance to the sacred hearth, the centre of the city, and that it would be a bad omen to close these gates upon the absent warriors. Janus is preeminently a god of the beginnings, and therefore invoked at the opening of each prayer. To him as well as to Juno offerings seem to have been made on the first day of each month, and his festival, the Agonium, on January 9th, was the first of the Roman religious year. The rex sacrorum was the special priest of Janus, and therefore stood at the head of the Roman priests. The double-faced head of the god appears on the Roman as of the early coinage, and it is possible that this is the earliest representation of the god. In later times his image, with the double face, was set up under the arch in the Forum. Janus, though so ancient and important in the ritual, seems to have played but a small part in the popular religion; his cult is not proved to have existed in early times outside of Rome, and votive inscriptions are very rare. There are traces of a goddess JANA, the feminine parallel to Janus, but she never became prominent in the State religion.

An

JANUS QUAD'RIFRONS, ARCH OF. arched passage on the Forum Boarium at Rome. It has four façades and was surmounted by a second story, now destroyed. Its erection is assigned to the time of Constantine, and it appears to have served as a sort of exchange.

JANVIER, jănʼvì-â, Thomas ALLIBONE (1849

JANUARY. See MONTH.

JANUS. An ancient and important Roman god, whose name was invoked at the beginning of all religious ceremonies. As to the etymology of the name, and its original meaning, two theories are prominent. One considers it a further formation from the root dju, djar, djer, by the addition of -an, djav-an; as we have Zeus and Záv in Greek, so we have Iovis and Ianus in Latin; but while in Greek the differentiation in form was not sufficient to lead to the growth of two separate divinities, among the Romans the separation was complete. He is thus the god of the light and heaven, a sun-god according to some, and this origin certainly agrees well with his high place among the gods, and many features of his cult. The other view connects the name of the god with ianus and ianua, and considers him as the god of the entrance and door, whether of city or house, as Vesta is the goddess of the hearth. This is in accordance with the nature of many Roman gods, and explains the peculiar nature of the special shrine of Janus, the ianus geminus which formed an entrance to the Forum. This shrine was simply two parallel arched gateways connected by side walls, and furnished with gates. The tradition of later times declared that King Numa Pompilius had built the shrine and ordained that the

in Philadelphia. With a public-school education, he began newspaper work in his native city in 1870, and continued it till 1881, when he went to spend several years in Colorado, New and Old Mexico, sojourns which left their impression upon his literary work. A well-known writer of short stories, Janvier is specially skilled in the York, where he lived in 1884-94. His publidelineation of the picturesque foreign life of New cations include: Color Studies (1885); The Mexican Guide (1887); The Aztec Treasure House (1890); Stories of Old New Spain (1891); The Uncle of an Angel, and Other Stories (1891); An Embassy to Provence (1893); In Old New York (1894); In the Sargasso Sea ries (1900); and In Great Waters (1901).-His (1898); The Passing of Thomas, and Other Stosister, MARGARET THOMSON JANVIER (1844—),

was born in New Orleans. She wrote under the

pen-name Margaret Vandergrift' many juveniles, Star (1881); The Absent-Minded Fairy, and among which are nameworthy: Under the Dog Other Verses (1883); The Dead Doll, and Other Verses (1888).

JA'OK (name among the Kamtchadales). A large, edible sculpin (Myoxocephalus jaok), which is one of the most characteristic and useful fishes of both shores of Bering Sea. It is about two feet long, reddish above and white beneath. It is very active, has extraordinary tenacity of life, and is extensively caught and smoke-cured by the Kamtchadales, who call it 'jaok.' and Koriaks, whose name for it is 'i laal;' while the coast Russians call it 'ramsha.'

Rivers and their feeders, while in Shikoku flat lands lie along the Yoshino River and in Kiushiu along the Chikugo. In Formosa a plain 20 miles wide, expanding toward the south, lies between the mountains and the western coast. The general trend of the mountain systems is along the longer extension of the islands—that is, from southwest to northeast, or from southsouthwest to north-northeast-but in several places the main chains are intersected by other lofty ridges, running in a general way from north to south, as in Kiushiu, Central Hondo, and Yezo. It is at these points that the greatest mountain masses and the most imposing scenery are found. In Formosa, also, the great backbone of the island extends from north to south, several of its peaks exceeding in height those of Japan proper. Beginning with the volcanic elevations of the Kurile group, which form a line of 32 stepping-stones from Kamtchatka to the island of Yezo, a range of trachytic and basaltic rocks is intersected near the centre of Yezo by a loftier and more massive chain composed of granite and old schists, from Cape Soya on the north (a continuation of the Saghalin system), the highest peak of which is the Tokachi, with an elevation of 8200 feet. Farther on toward the southwest this volcanic Kurilian range merges into the west coast range from Cape Soya, and is marked by some remarkable volcanoes, the most noted though not the highest of which is Komagatake, or 'Foal Mountain' (a name of common occurrence in Japan), with a height of nearly 4000 feet. Branching into two lines after the long western arm of the island rounds Volcano Bay, these mountains reappear on the main island in two parallel chains. One, the Northern Schist range, separates the Valley of the Kitagami River from the Pacific; the other, the main chain, continues toward the southwest, forms the backbone of the island until it meets the great complex of massive intersecting ridges which inclose the plateau of Shinano (2550 feet above the sea), and occupies the central portion of the main island where it is widest. It sends out important branches and continuations southeast through the Hakone range into Idzu; southwest through Yamato and Shikoku to Kiushiu; and westerly through the centre of Chiugoku to Shimonoseki, forming in its course the dividing line between the group of provinces known as San-yodo and that called San-in-do.

In this central mountain mass, which covers the provinces of Kaga, Etchiu, Hida, Shinshiu, Koshiu, and part of Kodzuke are found the loftiest peaks of Japan proper (next after Fujiyama "the Peerless,' with its elevation of 12.365 feet, which soars near the southeast coast, not very far from Tokio). They also offer the grandest scenery, and hence are frequently called the 'Japanese Alps.' The principal summits are: Haku-san in Kaga, an extinct volcano, with a height of 8920 feet; Yariga-take, 10.000 feet, in Hida; Gohonsha, the highest peak of the Tate-yama range, 9500 feet; Ko-ma-ga-take, 10,384 feet; and scores of others. Farther north in the Nikko range of Shimotsuke is Shirane-san, 8580 feet; Nantai-san, 8150 feet; and farther north still, on the shores of Lake Inawashiro, is Bandai-san, 6280 feet. Thence northward are Gwassan, 6200 feet; Gan-ju-san, or the Nambu-Fuji, 6500 feet; and southward along the west coast from Iwaki-san or Tsugaru-Fuji (4500 feet), are Cho-kai-san, 7800 feet, Haguro-san, and

others, each as a rule sacred to some deity and consequently much visited by pilgrims. Snow covers most of them in winter, but, except in a few cases, as, for example, Haku-san and the peaks of the great mountain masses of Shinano and Hida, it disappears before the end of summer. Even on Fujiyama only patches of snow remain from year to year. The toge or passes by which these mountains are crossed are comparatively low, due to the fact, as Rein points out, that (1) the mountain masses of primitive crystalline rocks and schists do not rise very high, and that (2) the volcanic formations, which have in so many places burst through and overlain them, seldom form long or very high_ridges.

It is said that there are in Japan, which is of volcanic origin, 170 volcanoes, most of them, however, regarded as extinct, some merely quiescent, but scores still active, sending forth smoke and steam, or serving as landmarks at night by their fiery glow. Among the more famous volcanoes still reckoned as active are Asama-yama, in Shinano: Komaga-take and several others, in Yezo; Chacha-take, in one of the Kuriles; Shirane-yama, in the Nikko range; Mihara-yama, on Oshima or 'Vries Island,' one of the 'Seven Islands,' lying off the promontory of Idzu; and Suwa-shima, in Loo-choo. As late as 1888 Bandai-san (q.v.) was in a state of violent eruption. Earthquakes are of frequent occurrence, and even in comparatively recent times some have been very disastrous. The line of greatest seismic disturbance extends from Loochoo through Kiushiu to the northeast. On October 28, 1891, occurred an earthquake, felt in six provinces; 7279 persons lost their lives, 17,393 were injured, and 197,947 buildings were utterly destroyed.

Thermal springs and solfataras are exceedingly numerous. In Japan proper, the former, chiefly sulphur, are said to occur in 388 different localities, and almost all are much patronized by the natives. The chief are Kusatsu and Ikao, in Kodzuke; Yumoto, at the foot of Shirane-yama, in the Nikko range; and Enoyu on Kirishima-yama, in Kiushiu. Chalybeate springs, both hot and cold, are also found. The solfataras are well. exemplified by the Ojigoku and Ko-jigoku, or 'Great and Little Hells,' of the Hakone range.

HYDROGRAPHY. Owing to the mountainous character of the country, and the narrowness of the islands, Japan cannot boast of long rivers, no part being farther distant from the sea than about 100 miles. Yet the country is well watered. Every valley has its stream or its streamlet, and one of the chief charms of the scenery is the rush of the numerous waters, and the beauty of its waterfalls, while the swiftness and torrential character of many of the streams present grave problems to the engineer engaged in railway construction or bridge-building. The largest river in the Empire is the Ishikari, in Yezo, which flows into the Sea of Japan, after a course of 407 miles. On the main island, the three great kawa, or rivers, are the Shinanogawa, the Tonegawa, and the Kisogawa. The Shinano rises in the province of that name, has a course of 320 miles, and flows northwest into the Sea of Japan. The Kitagami, in the northeast, has a course of 122 miles, and flows southeast into the Bay of Sendai. The Tonegawa rises in Kodzuke, traverses the plain of Kwanto, and enters the Pacific near Tokio, after a course