INFORMATION CONTACTS: spection, grading, and classing offices are listed in Appendix IV of the Catalog Headquarters Office: Deputy Administrator for Marketing Program operations, Agricultural Marketing Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250. Telephone: (202) 720-4276. (Use same 7-digit number for FTS.) Contact: Dr. Ken Clayton. RELATED PROGRAMS: 10.500, Cooperative Extension Service. EXAMPLES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Not applicable. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not applicable. 10.163 MARKET PROTECTION AND PROMOTION FEDERAL AGENCY: AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERV. ICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUTHORIZATION: Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946, 7 U.S.C. 1621-1627, 7 U.S.C. 2101-2119; Egg Research and Consumer Information Act, 7 U.S.C. 2701-2718; Export Apple and Pear Act, 7 U.S.C. 581-590; Export Grape and Plum Act, 7 U.S.C. 591-599; Federal Seed Act, 7 U.S.C. 1551-1611; National Wool Act of 1954, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 1787; Plant Variety Protection Act, 7 U.S.C. 2321-2331, 2351-2357, 2371-2372, 2401-2404, 2421-2427, 2441-2443, 2461-2463, 2481-2486, 2501-2504, 2531-2532, 2541-2545, 2561-2569, 2581-2583; 7 U.S.C. 4301-4319; Cotton Research and Promotion Act, 7 U.S.C. 2101-2118; Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983, 7 U.S.C. 5111; Agricultural Fair Practices Act, 7 U.S.C. 2301-2306; Capper Volstead Act, 7 U.S.C 291-292; Potato Research and Promotion Act, 7 U.S.C. 2611-2627; Beef Promotion and Research Act of 1985, 7 U.S.C. 2901-2911; Pork Promotion, Research, and Consumer Information Act of 1985, 7 U.S.C. 1612-1631; Dairy. Research and Promotion Act, 7 U.S.C. 4501-4513, 4532; Watermelon Research and Promotion Act, 7 U.S.C. 4901-4916; Honey Research Promotion and Consumer In formation Act, 7 U.S.C. 4601-4612. OBJECTIVES: The Federal Seed Program prevents mislabeled seed from moving in interstate commerce by providing for random sampling of seeds to insure accurate labeling of seed characteristics. The Plant Variety Protection Program offers legal protection to developers of new varieties of plants which reproduce by providing the equivalent of a patent to the plant's developer. The Research and Promotion Programs provide for the collection of an assessment for each commodity covered by statutes to enable the commodity industries to carry out research and promotion activities. It is the responsibility of the Agricultural Marketing Service to assure responsible use of these assessments in meeting the research and promotion objective. The Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act authorized the establishment of a National dairy promotion research and nutrition education program. To eliminate deceptive, unfair and fraudulent trade practices in the processing and marketing of food and agricultural products; provide assistance to those striving to achieve this objective. The Pesticide Data Program works with participating States to collect and analyze data on pesticide use and residue levels for selected commodities in the nation's food supply. This program will provide statistically based data to Federal agencies for use in making policy decisions for regulatory and educational purposes. TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Provision of Specialized Services; Adviso ry Services and Counseling; Training. USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Assistance provided to assure fair and open marketing distribution system for agricultural products. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: Applicant Eligibility: Any State government, public and private orga nization and institution, business and industry, or individual may apply for technical assistance or service. Beneficiary Eligibility: Any State government, public and private or ganization and institution, business and industry, or individual may apply for technical assistance or service. Credentials/Documentation: As provided for in applicable Acts as re ferred to in the Authorization Section above. APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS: program is excluded from coverage under E.O. 12372. Application Procedure: Procedures vary as provided for in applicable Acts. Contact appropriate area offices as listed in address appendix for specific information. Renewals: As provided for in applicable Acts. Formula and Matching Requirements: Not applicable. Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: Notapplicable. Reports: As provided for in applicable Acts. Records: As provided for in applicable Acts. Account Identification: 12-2500-0-1-352. est $14,999,000. Range and Average of Financial Assistance: Not applicable. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Seed samples tested: Fiscal year 1992, estimate 4,306; fiscal year 1993, estimate 3,700; and fiscal year 1994, estimate 3,700. Plant variety certificates of protection issued: Fiscal year 1992, 323; fiscal year 1993, estimate 325; and fiscal year 1994, estimate 350. Pesticide data samples collected: Fiscal year 1992, 5,232; fiscal year 1993, estimate 8,650; and fiscal year 1994, estimate 12,000. REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: PA-655 "Export Fruit Acts-Questions & Answers,” AMS-592, Facts About Naming and Labeling Varieties of Seed," "The Plant Vari. ety Protection Act,” requirements under the Federal Seed Act for Labeling treated Seed,” 7 CFR 33-35, 101-151,201-202; PA-1005, "Farmers Rights Under the Agricultural Fair Practices Act." INFORMATION CONTACTS: Regional or Local Office: Regional and local offices are listed in Ap pendix IV of the Catalog. Headquarters Office: Deputy Administrator for Marketing Program Operations, Agricultural Marketing Service. RELATED PROGRAMS: 10.155, Marketing Agreements and Orders; 93.002, Consumer Affairs; 36.001, Fair Competition Counseling and Investigation of Complaints. EXAMPLES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Not applicable. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not applicable. 10.164 WHOLESALE MARKET DEVELOPMENT FEDERAL AGENCY: AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERV. ICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUTHORIZATION: Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946. OBJECTIVES: To increase overall food marketing efficiency, thereby lowering the cost of marketing food. TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Advisory Services and Counseling; Project Grants. USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Assistance provided in coopera tion with other government agencies and private industry to reduce marketing costs. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: Applicant Eligibility: Other government agencies and private indus try. Beneficiary Eligibility: Producers, processors, marketing agencies, and general public. Credentials/Documentation: Cost will be determined in accordance with OMB Circular No. A-87 for State and local governments, or OMB Circular A-21 for Educational Institutions. APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS: Preapplication Coordination: This program is eligible for coverage under E.O. 12372 "Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs”. An applicant should consult the office of official designated as the single point of contact in his or her State for more information on the process the State requires to be followed in apply ing for assistance, if the State has selected the program for review. Application Procedure: Contact Martin Fitzpatrick, Director, Trans portation and Marketing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, OMB Circular No. A-110. Renewals: Not applicable. Formula and Matching Requirements: Not applicable. Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: Not applicable. Reports: As provided for in the Agreement. 128, "Audits of State and Local Governments," State and local which they participate. Account Identification: 12-2500-0-1-352. $2,313,000. Range and Average of Financial Assistance: Not applicable. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS: In fiscal year 1992, 2 facilities projects/studies and 3 research projects were completed. It is estimated that 4 facilities projects/studies and 3 research projects will be completed in fiscal year 1993, and 5 facilities projects/studies and 4 research projects in fiscal year 1994. REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: None. INFORMATION CONTACTS: Regional or Local Office: Not applicable. and Marketing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, Depart- Fitzpatrick RELATED PROGRAMS: None. EXAMPLES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Study on the design of cen tral refrigeration systems in modern food centers; study of whole sale and farmers' market use for distributing produce. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not applicable. USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Assistance provided to assure a fair and open marketing distribution system for agricultural prod ucts. No specific restrictions. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: Applicant Eligibility: Business and industry or individuals may apply for a PACA license. Beneficiary Eligibility: Business and industry or individuals may apply for a PACA license. Credentials/Documentation: As provided for in the Perishable Agri cultural Commodities Act, 1930 as amended, 7 U.S.C. 499a-4995; Produce Agency Act, 7 U.S.C. 491-497. APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS: Preapplication Coordination: None. This program is excluded from coverage under E.O. 12372. Application Procedure: Contact appropriate area offices listed in Ap pendix IV of the Catalog. Renewals: As provided for in applicable Acts. Formula and Matching Requirements: Not applicable. Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: Not applicable. Reports: As provided for in applicable Acts. Records: As provided for in applicable Acts. Account Identification: 12-5070-0-2-352. $7,621,000. Range and Average of Financial Assistance: Not applicable. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Number of license actions com pleted in fiscal year 1992, 23,000. It is estimated that 23,100 license actions will be completed in fiscal year 1993, and 23,150 in fiscal year 1994. REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930, and Regulations (other than rules of practice). INFORMATION CONTACTS: Regional or Local Office: Regional and local offices listed in Appen dix IV of the Catalog. Headquarters Office: Deputy Administrator for Marketing program operation, Agriculture Marketing Service. RELATED PROGRAMS: 36.001, Fair Competition Counseling and In vestigation of Complaints. EXAMPLES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Not applicable. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Not applicable. 10.165 PERISHABLE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ACT FEDERAL AGENCY: AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERV. ICES, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUTHORIZATION: Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 499a-4995; Produce Agency Act, 7 U.S.C. 491-497. OBJECTIVES: To suppress unfair and fraudulent practices in the mar keting of perishable agricultural commodities in interstate and foreign commerce. To prevent the destruction or dumping, with good and sufficient cause of farm produce received in interstate commerce by commission merchants and others and to require them truly and correctly to account for all farm produce received by them. TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Investigation of Complaints. 10.167 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES FEDERAL AGENCY: AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERV. ICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUTHORIZATION: Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, 7 U.S.C. 1281 et seq.; Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946, 7 U.S.C. 1621 et seq.; Agricultural Trade and Assistance Act of 1954, 7 U.S.C. 1427, 1431, 1691, et seq.; Rural Development Act of 1972, 7 U.S.C. 2662, 2663; International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuff Act of 1982; Cooperative Marketing Act of 1926, 7 U.S.C. 291, 292. OBJECTIVES: The Transportation Services program develops and promotes efficient agriculture transportation systems to help improve farm income, expand exports and meet the needs of rural America. The program provides technical and administrative direction, coordination, and leadership in the development and execution of agricultural transportation policies. Transportation Services provides a basis for Federal-State decision-makers in regulatory, policy and legislative matters in order to assure the transpor tation needs of rural communities and agriculture. TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Advisory Services and Counseling; Project Grants. FINANCIAL INFORMATION: Account Identification: 12-2500-0-1-352. $2,584,000. Range and Average of Financial Assistance: Not applicable. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Three projects/studies were completed, three workshops given, and two new publications were issued in fiscal year 1992. It is estimated that four projects/ studies, four workshops, and three publications will be completed in fiscal year 1993. Also, it is estimated that four projects/studies, four workshops, and three publications will be completed in fiscal year 1994. USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Assistance provided where it is determined that there is a significant regional impact at stake or a significant policy at issue with potentially broad implications. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: State or local governments, col lective groups, or associations representing rural areas or agricul tural producers. Applicant Eligibility: Any State government, public and private orga nization and institution, business and industry, or individual may apply for technical assistance or service. Beneficiary Eligibility: Any State government, public and private or ganization and institution, business and industry, or individual may apply for technical assistance or service. Credentials/Documentation: None. APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS: Preapplication Coordination: This program is excluded from cover age under E.O. 12372. Application Procedure: No formal application procedure specified; in formal correspondence or personal contact is permissible. Contact sion, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA. Renewals: Not applicable. Formula and Matching Requirements: Not applicable. Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: Not applicable. Reports: Not applicable. REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: None. Regional or Local Office: Not applicable. and Marketing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA, digit number for FTS.) COOPERATIVE STATE RESEARCH SERVICE 10.200 GRANTS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, SPECIAL RESEARCH GRANTS (Special Research Grants) FEDERAL AGENCY: COOPERATIVE STATE RESEARCH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUTHORIZATION: Section 2(c), Public Law 89-106, 7 U.S.C. 450i(c), as amended; Sections 1414, 1458A, 1472, 1473D, 1475, and 1480 of Public Law 95-113, as amended; Section 1415, Public Law 97-98, Section 1409, Public Law 99-198, Sections 1616, 1640, Public Law 101-624; Public Law 99-284, 7 U.S.C. 178n. OBJECTIVES: To carry out research to facilitate or expand promising breakthroughs in areas of the food and agricultural sciences of importance to the nation and to facilitate or expand on-going State Federal food and agricultural research programs. TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Project Grants. USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Areas of basic and applied re search are generally limited to high priority problems of a regional or national scope. Areas currently awarded on a competitive basis are Special Research Grants for aquaculture, water quality and in tegrated pest management and Rangeland Research Grants. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: Applicant Eligibility: Special Research Grants: State agricultural ex periment stations, all colleges and universities, other research institutions and organizations, Federal agencies, private organizations or corporations and individuals having a demonstrable capacity to conduct research to facilitate or expand promising breakthroughs in areas of the food and agricultural sciences of importance to the United States. Rangeland Research Grants: Land-grant colleges, universities, State agricultural experiment stations, colleges, universities and Federal laboratories having a demonstrable capacity in rangeland research. Beneficiary Eligibility: For Special Research Grants: State agricul tural experiment stations, all colleges and universities, other research institutions and organizations, Federal agencies, private organizations or corporations and individuals having a demonstrable capacity to conduct research to facilitate or expand promising breakthroughs in areas of the food and agricultural sciences of importance to the United States. Rangeland Research Grants: Landgrant colleges, universities, State agricultural experiment stations, colleges, universities and Federal laboratories having a demonstra ble capacity in rangeland research. Credentials/Documentation: None. This program is excluded from coverage under OMB Circular No. A-87. APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS: Preapplication Coordination: All proposal solicitations are published in the Federal Register or sent to all eligible institutions. This program is excluded from coverage under OMB Circular No. A-102 and E.O. 12372. Application Procedure: Formal proposals should be submitted to Grants Administrative Management, CSRS USDA, as outlined in the guidelines. Application procedures are contained in the Research Grant Application Kit. This program is subject to the provisions of OMB Circular No. A-110, Special Research Grants Program Administrative Provisions and the Rangeland Research Grants Program Administrative Provisions. Award Procedure: Proposals are reviewed by a peer panel of quali fied scientists and other appropriate persons who are specialists in the field covered by the proposal. Proposals are funded in order of merit to the extent permitted by available funds. Deadlines: As announced in the Federal Register for each fiscal year. Deadlines for submission of fiscal year 1993 proposals were De- not been published. Appeals: None. proposals at the announced deadline, and are considered in equal competition with other proposals. ASSISTANCE CONSIDERATIONS: Formula and Matching Requirements: Rangeland Research Grant Fifty percent non-federal funding, except for Federal labs. Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: From 1 to 5 years. POST ASSISTANCE REQUIREMENTS: Reports: Quarterly financial reports. Annual progress reports. Final financial and final summary progress reports. Audits: Periodic audits should be made as part of the recipient's sys tems of financial management and internal control to meet terms and conditions of grants and other agreements. This program is also subject to audit by the cognizant Federal audit agency and the USDA Office of Inspector General. Federal audits will be made in accordance with the policies of OMB Circular No. A-88. Records: Grantees are expected to maintain separate records for each grant to ensure that funds are used for the purpose for which the grant was made. Records are subject to inspection during the life of the grant and for three years there after. FINANCIAL INFORMATION: Account Identification: 12-1500-0-1-352. FY 94 est $32,072,681. $91,228. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Pesticide Benefits Assessment model has been pilot tested in ten States; study of high levels of selenium in agricultural drainage water has been conducted; research has led to a better understanding of the genetic basis of disease resistance in channel catfish; survey was conducted to evaluate farmer attitudes about water quality and their willingness to make changes to protect the water resources; and effects of irrigation on the disease, potato early dying, have been studied. In fiscal year 1992, 524 proposals were received for aquaculture, water quality, integrated pest management, and rangeland research grants and 147 grants were awarded. REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND LITERATURE: Pages 50994 50996 and 50998-50999, Federal Register, Vol. 54, No. 236, Part Register April 30, 1986, vol. 51, No. 83, pages 16152-16153. Regional or Local Office: None. Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250. Tele phone: (202) 720-4423. (Use same 7-digit number for FTS). RELATED PROGRAMS: 10.001, Agricultural Research-Basic and Applied Research; 10.202, Cooperative Forestry Research; 10.203, Payments to Agricultural Experiment Stations Under Hatch Act; 10.205, Payments to 1890 Land-Grant Colleges and Tuskegee University; 10.206, Grants for Agricultural Research-Competitive Research Grants; 10.207, Animal Health and Disease Research; 10.215, Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education; 10.219, Biotechnology Risk Assessment Research; 10.250, Agricultural and Rural Economic Research; 10.240, Alternative Agricultural Research and Commercialization Program; 10.652, Forestry Research. 6-93 EXAMPLES OF FUNDED PROJECTS: Development of Enteric-Pro tected Vaccines for Aquaculture; Evaluation of the Impact of Current and Emerging Farming Systems on Water Quality; Genetic Improvement of Water-Use Efficiency via Carbon Isotope Discrimination; and Development of Models for Integrated Biological Control of Cotton Pathogens and Nematodes. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROPOSALS: Within guidelines es tablished for the program; overall scientific and technological quality of proposal; research competence of the principal investigator(s), research team and support personnel; adequacy of facilities, equipment, and related program support; justification of support requested in relation to objectives and procedures; feasibility of attaining objectives during life of proposed research; awareness of published literature and current research related to proposed research; relevance of importance of proposed research to solution of specific areas of inquiry; and estimate of expected benefits. 10.202 COOPERATIVE FORESTRY RESEARCH (McIntire-Stennis Act) FEDERAL AGENCY: COOPERATIVE STATE RESEARCH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUTHORIZATION: Cooperative Forestry Research Act of 1962, Public Law 87-788, 16 U.S.C. 582a-582a-7; Education Amend. ments of 1972, Section 506, Public Law 92-318; Education Amendments of 1980, Section 1361, Public Law 96-374, 7 U.S.C. 301 note; Public Law 97-98; Public Law 99-198; Public Law 101 624. OBJECTIVES: To encourage and assist the States in carrying on a program of State forestry research at State forestry schools, and to develop a trained pool of forest scientists capable of conducting needed forestry research. TYPES OF ASSISTANCE: Formula Grants. USES AND USE RESTRICTIONS: Forestry research at certified State institutions in the nine categories which follow: (1) Reforestation and management of land for the production of crops of timber and other related products of the forest; (2) management of forest and related watershed lands to improve conditions of water flow and to protect resources against flood and erosion; (3) management of forest and related rangeland for production of forage and domestic livestock and game and improvement of food and habitat for wildlife; (4) management of forest lands for outdoor recreation; (5) protection of forest lands for outdoor recreation; (6) protection of forest resources against fire, insects, diseases, or other destructive agents; (7) utilization of wood and other forest products; (8) development of sound policies for the management of forest lands and the harvesting and marketing of forest products; and (9) such other studies as may be necessary to obtain the fullest and most ef fective use of forest resources. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS: Applicant Eligibility: Funds are appropriated by Congress for distri bution to State institutions certified as eligible by a State representative designated by the Governor of each State. Funds are apportioned among States by the Secretary of Agriculture after consultation with a National Advisory Council representing the Statecertified forestry schools and other groups concerned with forestry research. This program is also available to Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Micronesia. Beneficiary Eligibility: Funds are appropriated by Congress for dis tribution to State institutions certified as eligible by a State representative designated by the Governor of each State. Funds are apportioned among States by the Secretary of Agriculture after consultation with a National Advisory Council representing the Statecertified forestry schools and other groups concerned with forestry research. This program is also available in Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Micronesia. Credentials/Documentation: None. This program is excluded from coverage under OMB Circular No. A-87. APPLICATION AND AWARD PROCESS: coverage under OMB Circular No. A-102 and E.O. 12372. Application Procedure: No application required for the release of funds but funds can be expended only on projects approved by CSRS. This program is subject to the provisions of OMB Circular No. A-110. Award Procedure: To receive an annual allotment of funds, each eli gible institution must first submit its annual research program to proved by CSRS. Renewals: Not applicable. portionment among States shall be determined by the Secretary after consultation with the Cooperative Forestry Research Advisory Council. The statistical factors used for fund allocation are: (1) Area of nonfederal commercial forest land (40 percent) (and the source is "An Analysis of the Timber Situation in the U.S.,” 1952-2030, FS/USDA), (2) volume of timber cut annually from growing stock (40 percent) (and the source is "An Analysis of the Timber Situation in the U.S.,” 1952-2030, FS/USDA); and (3) nonfederal funds expended for forestry research (20 percent) (and the source is "Current Research Information System"). The Act limits the Federal payments to amounts made available and budg. eted from nonfederal sources for expenditure for forestry research. Length and Time Phasing of Assistance: One year subsequent to year of appropriation up to 5 percent of unobligated balance September 30 carried over for obligation in subsequent year. Funds released as needed to finance current operations. POST ASSISTANCE REQUIREMENTS: Reports: Fiscal year annual plan of work due August 15 of each year for the fiscal year starting in October; Annual program financial report due December 1; Annual progress report due February 15; Certification of Offset and Certification of Entitlement due prior to October 1; and Past Year Obligations by Project due December 15. Audits: Periodic audits should be made as part of the recipient's sys tems of financial management and internal control to meet terms and conditions of grants and other agreements. The program is also subject to audit by the cognizant Federal audit agency and the USDA Office of Inspector General. Records: Maintained by project. Retain payment documents 5 years. FINANCIAL INFORMATION: Account Identification: 12-1500-0-1-352. FY 94 est $26,785,355. $276,517. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Sixty four State colleges and universities are participating in the program in fiscal year 1993. Important results reported included contributions to knowledge on how to manipulate forests as a system; how such systems interact with humans, pests, and the environment, particularly that part represented by the water flows through such systems; how the spatial relations of attributes of these systems influence outcomes and how they may be manipulated to better serve human needs. Other important work has involved expanding our knowledge base of the gene structure of forest trees, how to manipulate such structure, and other approaches to utilizing our knowledge to manipulate trees in ways that will yield higher value benefits. As knowledge on how to manipulate individual trees is aggregated into more useful systems, continued work has brought new knowledge on how to clean up waste, provide more energy from renewable forest systems, and produce new products that utilize the vast chemical plant that is the forest. |