Environmental Protection of International Watercourses under International Law

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Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013 M01 28 - 446 pages
McIntyre's work explains the legal means by which requirements of environmental protection influence the determination of a reasonable and equitable regime for allocating rights to riparian states to utilize shared freshwater resources. The work examines the means and processes by which environmental considerations can act upon the operation of the principle of equitable utilization. The volume provides a comprehensive analysis of the subject, outlining the development, scope and operation in general and customary international law of key rules of environmental protection.

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Contents

Introduction
1
Problems Principles and Terminology
9
22 Legal Uncertainty
12
23 Conclusion
52
The Principle of Equitable Utilization
53
31 Development and Acceptance of the Principle of Equitable Utilization
54
32 Conceptual Basis of the Principle of Equitable Utilization
76
33 Equitable Utilization and Environmental Protection
78
Environmental Protection of International Watercourses I Substantive Rules of Customary and General International Law
191
71 Obligation to Prevent Transboundary Pollution
198
72 Obligation to Cooperate
221
73 Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment
229
74 Sustainable Development
239
75 Intergenerational Equity
251
76 Common But Differentiated ResponsibilityIntraGenerational Equity
260
77 Precautionary Principle
265

34 Conclusion
85
The Rule on Prevention of Significant Harm
87
41 Significant Harm
92
42 Relationship with Equitable Utilization
104
43 Environmental Protection
116
44 Conclusion
119
Equity and the Utilization of Shared Natural Resources
121
52 Equity and Shared International Water Resources
132
53 Conclusion
151
Factors Relating to the Equitable Utilization of International Watercourses
155
61 Social and Economic Needs
156
62 Population Dependent on the Watercourse
160
63 Existing and Potential Uses
164
64 Conservation Protection Development and Economy of Use
173
65 Availability of Alternatives
177
66 Geographic Hydrographic and Hydrological Factors
179
67 Effects on Other Watercourse States
183
68 Other Factors
186
69 Conclusion
189
78 Polluter Pays Principle
284
79 Ecosystems Approach
286
710 Conclusion
313
Environmental Protection of International Watercourses II Procedural Rules of Customary and General International Law
317
81 Duty to Notify
324
82 Exchange of Information
333
83 Duty to ConsultNegotiate in Good Faith
337
84 Duty to Warn
345
85 Settlement of Disputes
348
86 Conclusion
357
Conclusion Environmental Protection as a Factor in Determining the Equitable Utilization of International Watercourses
359
91 Sustainable Development
363
92 Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment
367
93 International Commissions
372
94 Custom
377
95 Normative Sophistication
379
Bibliography
381
Index
413
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