Denio 595 s. c. 43 Am. Dec. 719; Mills v. Brooklyn 32 N. Y. 489; Masterton v. Mount Vernon 58 N. Y. 391; Smith v. Mayor &c. 66 N. Y. 295 s. c. 23 Am. Rep. 53; Creal v. Keokuk 4 Greene (Iowa), 47; Kelley v. Milwaukee 18 Wis. 83; O'Connor v. Pittsburgh 18 Penn. St. 187; Fair v. Philadelphia 88 Penn. St. 309: s. c. 32 Am. Rep. 455; Vincennes v. Richards 23 Ind. 381; Roll v. Indianapolis 52 Ind. 547; Lee v. Minneapolis 22 Minn. 13; Alden v. Minneapolis 24 Minn. 254; Lynch v. Mayor &c. 76 N. Y. 60; Dorman v. Jacksonville 13 Fla. 538: s. c. 7 Am. Rep. 253; Simmons v. Camden 26 Ark. 276: s. c. 7 Am. Rep. 620; Fellowes v. New Haven 44 Conn. 240: s. c. 26 Am. Rep. 447; Cheever v. Shedd 13 Blatchf. 258. Some of these were cases in which it seemed very plain that the local legislature had seriously misjudged the public interest in the action it had taken; but the fact remained that the question of discretion had been submitted to its judgment, and not to that of any other tribunal; and when it had acted, the decision was of necessity final. Cases like Hoyt v. Hudson 27 Wis. 656; Carr v. Northern Liberties 35 Penn. St. 324; Lynch v. Mayor 76 N. Y. 60; Evansville v. Decker 84 Ind. 325; and Wakefield v. Newell 12 R. I. 75: s. c. 34 Am. Rep. 598, in which, in consequence of the failure to provide sufficient sewerage for the streets, the adjoining proprietors were seriously damnified, illustrate the rule in a very clear and strong light, as do also some of the cases in which reasonable and prudent regulations for the public benefit and protection had been suspended temporarily, or in particular cases, to the detriment of individual citizens. Thus, a city was held not liable for licensing the construction of a wooden building within its fire limits, from the erection of which, as the plaintiff averred, his own building took fire and was destroyed: Forsyth v. Atlanta 45 Ga. 152: s. c. 12 Am. Rep. 576; see Wheeler v. Cincinnati 19 Ohio St. 19: s. c. 2 Am. Rep. 368; or for suspending an ordinance forbidding cattle being at large in the streets, in consequence of which the plaintiff was gored by a vicious ox: Rivers v. Augusta 65 Ga. 376: s. c. 38 Am. Rep. 787; or for suspending an ordi

nance forbidding the use of fireworks within the city, the plaintiff's house having been burned by the explosion of fireworks during the suspension: Hill v. Charlotte 72 N. C. 55: s. c. 21 Am. Rep. 451; or for arranging for a parade of the fire department by stretching a rope across the street, with which the plaintiff came into collision: Simon v. Atlanta 67 Ga. 618 s. c. 44 Am. Rep. 739.

But, on the other hand, if the act which is done by a municipal corporation would be tortious if done by a natural person, the corporation is held liable for it to the same extent, and for the same reasons that the natural person would have been. The legal protections of property are the same. against artificial persons as against others, and the state itself, or any one of its municipalities, has no more power to deprive the owner of his possessions than has the private citizen. It has therefore been held that though a city is not responsible because of any failure to provide proper sewerage, yet, if the effect of the construction of one of its public works shall be to collect water and cast it upon the land of an individual where it would not otherwise flow, the city is liable: Ashley v. Port Huron 35 Mich. 296: s. c. 24 Am. Rep. 552, and cases cited; Rhodes v. Cincinnati 10 Ohio 159; Turner v. Dartmouth 13 Allen 291; Wilson v. New Bedford 108 Mass. 261: s. c. 11 Am. Rep. 352; Byrnes v. Cohoes 67 N. Y. 204; Inman v. Tripp 11 R. I. 520: s. c. 23 Am. Rep. 520; Thurston v. St. Joseph 51 Mo. 510: s. c. 11 Am. Rep. 463; Gillison v. Charleston 16 W. Va. 282: s. c. 37 Am. Rep. 763; Templin v. Iowa City 14 Iowa 59; Ellis v. Iowa City 29 Iowa 229; Ross v. Clinton 46 Iowa 606: s. c. 26 Am. Rep. 169; Van Pelt v. Davenport 42 Iowa 308: s. c. 20 Am. Rep. 622; O'Brien v. St. Paul 25 Minn. 333: s. c. 33 Am. Rep. 470; Dixon v. Baker 65 Ill. 518: s. c. 16 Am. Rep. 591; Indianapolis v. Lawyer 38 Ind. 348; Indianapolis v. Tate 39 Ind. 282; Weis v. Madison 75 Ind. 241 s. c. 39 Am. Rep. 135. So, though a city is not liable for a consequent diminution of the value of adjacent property resulting from the grading of a street, Pontiac v. Carter 32 Mich. 164, yet if, in the grading, earth

is thrown upon the lands of individuals, this is a trespass for which the city must respond: Hendershott v. Ottumwa 46 Iowa 658: s. c. 26 Am. Rep. 182. See Stack v. East St. Louis 85 Ill. 377: s. c. 28 Am. Rep. 619. And a city has no more right to obstruct a water-course to the prejudice of riparian proprietors than has any individual: Lawrence v. Fairhaven 5 Gray 110. In Iowa it has been held that if a city which, under its charter, has no power to grant permission for the use of a steam-motor on its streets, shall nevertheless assume to do so, and the motor is used, and a horse is frightened thereby, the city will be liable in damages. Stanley v. Davenport 54 Iowa 463: s. c. 37 Am. Rep. 216. And in Wisconsin it is held that any dangerous and illegal use of a city street under the license of its common council will be a nuisance for the consequences of which the city must respond. Little v. Madison 42 Wis. 643: s. o. 24 Am. Rep. 435; and 49 Wis. 605. And it has been held by this Court that it was no defense to a suit against a village for a trespass committed by its marshal under the orders of the common council, that the council was acting under a claim of right upon a subject over which it had general jurisdiction under the village charter. Sheldon v. Kalamazoo 24 Mich. 383. The same doctrine is recognized in Buskirk v. Strickland 47 Mich. 389.

Counsel for the plaintiff contends that these cases should rule the one at bar; that the common council, by the permission it gave for the use of Fountain street for coasting, licensed a nuisance in a public highway, and that the city is responsible precisely as it would be if the nuisance had been caused under its command and by its agents. Schultz v. Milwaukee 49 Wis. 254: s. c. 35 Am. Rep. 779, is supposed to support this view; as does also, very strongly, Mayor &c. v. Marriott 9 Md. 160. If it were unquestionable that coasting upon a public highway was always a nuisance, there would be much plausibility in this contention, and perhaps it should be accepted as sound. But in Hutchinson v. Concord 41 Vt. 271, and again in Faulkner v. Aurora 85 Ind. 130: s. c. 44 Am. Rep. 1, it was taken for granted that

coasting upon a public way, when not expressly prohibited by law, might be entirely innocent; and we do not see how the contrary could well be held. It has been decided in several cases that a municipal corporation, charged by statute with the duty of keeping the public ways in repair, cannot be held chargeable with the consequences of coasting upon its roads, on the ground of this use of them constituting a defect. Shepherd v. Chelsea 4 Allen 113; Pierce v. New Bedford 129 Mass. 534: s. c. 37 Am. Rep. 387; Hutchinson v. Concord 41 Vt. 271; Faulkner v. Aurora 85 Ind. 130: s. c. 44 Am. Rep. 1; Ray v. Manchester 46 N. H. 59. These cases are not questioned or criticised by counsel for the plaintiff. But coasting does not necessarily interfere with the customary use of the street, and might be indulged in with no serious inconvenience to any one, not only in many places in the country towns, but even within the limits of incorporated cities and villages. We are accustomed to make our public ways four rods in width, but it is not expected. that the whole four rods will be occupied for travel, and it is possible to make use of parts of the public highways, without encroaching at all upon the portions kept in repair and used for passage. It is also true, throughout the interior and western states, if not in those bordering on the Atlantic, that in laying out towns streets are dedicated to the public which there may for many years be no occasion to improve for travel, and they become for some time mere open spaces for the sports and recreations of those who may see fit to make use of them. It could not be seriously contended that for the municipal authorities to permit coasting upon such a street would be to license a public nuisance. On the contrary, as the sport itself is healthful and exhilarating, it seems eminently proper, if the street is not put to other public use, that this diversion be allowed, if not expressly sanctioned. The sport itself is not entirely foreign to the purposes for which public ways are established; for the use of these ways for pleasure riding is perfectly legitimate, and coasting is only pleasure riding in a series of short trips repeated over the same road, not differing essentially from the riding in

sleighs of which so much is seen on some of the streets of northern cities, when suitable weather and proper condition of roads invite to this enjoyment.

If coasting upon a public highway is not necessarily a nuisance, it would seem plain that the public authorities having the care and superintendence of highways, and whose duty it is to prevent nuisances or to abate them, must have some discretion to determine when and where the sport should be allowed in the public roads, and when and where forbidden. The common council of a city has frequent occasion to exercise a like authority; the streets must of necessity be used, even in the most compactly built parts of a city—perhaps most often there-for many purposes besides travel and business traffic, and it has never been supposed that licensing such use would render the city liable on any common-law principle. In some cases there may be a statutory liability; but it is not claimed that there is any statute in this State which will render the city liable for the action of its legislature in licensing the use of a street for coasting, or that this plaintiff has any remedy unless it is given by the common law. The case presented then, would seem to be this: The common council, having full control of the streets, has licensed the use of a particular street in a particular way differing from the ordinary use. In doing so it must be supposed to have determined that the use in that way will not interrupt or interfere with such customary use of it for passage or travel as the public may have occasion for. The decision to this effect is made in the exercise of its discretionary and governmental authority over a subject confided by the state to its judgment, and is presumptively correct. But, whether correct or not, no appeal from the judgment to court and jury has been provided for, and therefore none can be had. An indirect appeal by suit against the city to establish a liability against it for an erroneous legislative determination is not only not provided for, but it would be opposed to a principle as well settled and as familiar as any in government.

It would not follow that parties acting under the permis