Africa Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our WealthUNEP/Earthprint, 2006 - 542 pages This is the second comprehensive report on the state of Africa's environment, produced in collaboration with the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN). This report highlights the central position Africa's environment continues to play in sustainable development, as well as its potential to achieve progress in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals. The report profiles Africa's environmental resources as an asset for the continent's development. It highlights the opportunities presented by the region's natural resource base to support the continent's development. It also underscores the concept of sustainable livelihoods, and the importance of the environmental initiatives in supporting them. |
Contents
THE HUMAN DIMENSION | 2 |
Child diseases and clean water | 9 |
Wetland economic values in selected African countries | 21 |
Constraints to market development | 37 |
Impacts of markets on environmental services | 38 |
ATMOSPHERE | 48 |
World CO2 emissions per capita | 51 |
Per capita carbon dioxide emissions in Northern Africa | 67 |
International lawframeworkforimproved institutional linkages | 286 |
Ecological debtor and creditor countries 2001 | 288 |
African Peer Review Mechanism APRM | 291 |
The COMESA countries and the uneven playing field for global trade | 292 |
EMERGING CHALLENGES | 300 |
Global area of biotech crops | 301 |
GM crops in Egypt | 302 |
Bt cotton in South Africa | 303 |
Rainfall trends in Southern Africa 19862003 | 69 |
LAND | 78 |
Land use issues key to sustainable development | 82 |
Land and landbased ecosystems | 83 |
Foodforthought | 84 |
Chad charts a new path in oil revenue management | 88 |
HIVAIDS and agriculture in Africa | 91 |
Degraded land | 92 |
WSSD decisions on land | 94 |
National Action Programmes NAP | 97 |
Thematic Programme Networks | 98 |
Northern Africa countries agricultural area as percent of land area | 105 |
Food security objectives of the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan | 109 |
Arable land and permanent pasture | 110 |
Pressures on land use in Mauritius | 112 |
FRESHWATER | 119 |
The Africa Water Vision for 2025 targets for urgent water needs | 120 |
Understanding howa wetland functions | 122 |
Shortterm action plan STAP for Transboundary Water Resources TWR | 130 |
Water sector capacitybuilding initiatives | 131 |
A chronology of change natural and anthropogenic factors affecting Lake Chad | 133 |
The Inga Hydroelectric Facility | 134 |
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme | 138 |
The Nile Basin Initiative | 140 |
Toshka Project increasing habitable land | 141 |
Lessons learnt from water sector reforms in Southern Africa | 145 |
TheDiamaDam | 146 |
Reforms in Nigerias River Basin Development Authorities in favour of the rural communities | 147 |
Moving from a vicious to a virtuous cycle Conakry Guinea water supply | 148 |
Mauritius Strategyfreshwater challenges and actions | 150 |
Thematic areas towards achieving the Africa Water Vision for the year 2025 | 151 |
COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS | 155 |
Reported marine fish catches in Central African countries since 1950 | 166 |
The socioeconomic context of smallscale marine fisheries in Kenya | 170 |
Management of the downstream and coastal impacts of damming in the Tana basin Kenya | 171 |
Environmental degradation of Lake Maryout Egypt | 174 |
Tourism and water resources in Tunisia | 175 |
Multiple uses and conflicts on the Moulouya coastal wetland Morocco | 176 |
The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem BCLME Programme joint cooperative | 178 |
Reported marine fish catches in Southern African countries | 179 |
Pollution managementin South Africa through privatepublic consensus | 180 |
Catchment2Coast Transboundary Ecosystem Programme | 181 |
The Cape Verde Islands and the West African Marine Ecoregion | 182 |
Diawling National Park Mauritania an area of important biodiversity | 183 |
Tourism benefits local people and conservation | 187 |
Science in support of management | 188 |
Ecological restoration of islands in the Seychelles | 190 |
FORESTS AND WOODLANDS | 196 |
Making the shea buttertradeworkforwomen in Burkina Faso | 199 |
Some of the nontimber values of forests and woodlands in Africa | 201 |
Poor returns to communities in commercialization of some NTFPs | 203 |
Kenyas Green Belt Movement | 207 |
Forest cover as percentage of total land area | 209 |
Forest as a percentage of land 19902005 | 214 |
Trade in forest products | 222 |
BIODIVERSITY | 226 |
The distribution of biodiversity | 227 |
Plant Diversity KupeBakossi | 228 |
Livestock production biodiversity and human wellbeing | 232 |
Increasing the opportunities associated with naturebased tourism | 235 |
The fair and equitable use of genetic resources | 236 |
Collaboration and conservation | 239 |
The biodiversity features of Central Africa | 241 |
Protected areasIUCN Categories 1VI Northern Africa | 245 |
The Diawling National ParkDNP Mauritania | 251 |
INTERLINKAGES THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY | 256 |
INTERLINKAGES THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY WEB | 262 |
Interlinkages defined | 263 |
Interlinkages in progress towards eradicating Guineaworm disease | 264 |
Ecology and economy dual factors in improving human wellbeing | 265 |
Interlinkages for healthrelated MDGs | 266 |
Environmental change impacts lake population in Ethiopian Highlands | 267 |
Environmental and social impacts of urban agriculture | 269 |
Climate changerelated interlinkages in the Sahel | 270 |
Globalnational economic linkages | 271 |
The significance of trade in primary commodities | 272 |
Financial flows to developing countries 19802002 | 274 |
Incorporation of environment in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers PRSPs | 276 |
Focus on Millennium Development Goals in the PRSPs | 277 |
Flaring lost opportunities and environmental costs | 279 |
Building partnerships for Environmental Impact Assessments Eastern Africa | 280 |
Progress towards MDGs in the Western Indian Ocean islands subregion | 282 |
GM crop research in Africa | 304 |
Some approaches to GMO foods and food aid in Africa | 306 |
Intellectual Property Rights potential conflicts and opportunities for resolution | 308 |
Will the use of Bt cotton result in less pest threats and pesticide use? | 311 |
Doing the right thing is not simple | 316 |
The African Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum | 317 |
Precaution | 320 |
African countries status on Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety | 321 |
SADC recommendations on genetically modified organisms | 323 |
Developing sustainable agricultural production systems | 325 |
Biotechnology for smallholder farmers | 327 |
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES | 331 |
Invasive alien species | 332 |
IAS the biotic integrity of communities and the functioning of ecosystems | 334 |
Invasive bird species | 335 |
Effects of some characteristic aquaculturerelated introductions in Africa | 337 |
Water hyacinth wreaks havoc | 338 |
Black wattle weighing the costsandbenefits | 340 |
Key facts | 342 |
NEPAD makes IAS a priority | 343 |
Convention on Biological Diversity | 345 |
The need for vigilant phytosanitary measures | 346 |
The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 1995 | 347 |
CHEMICALS | 350 |
What are POPs and PCBs? | 357 |
Major crops attacked by termites | 358 |
Lead poisoning and the tragedy of a mining boom | 362 |
Health and environmental effects of DDT on health and environment | 363 |
Impacts of chemicals on fish catch and wetlands in Senegal | 364 |
The challenge of obsolete pesticides in Tanzania | 365 |
Global support to reduce Africas chemical stockpiles | 366 |
Agenda 21 Chapter 19 Priority programme areas for managing toxic chemicals | 367 |
Parties to the Stockholm Convention | 368 |
Priority areas for promoting best practice in chemicals management and usage | 371 |
Systematic chemical assessments | 372 |
ENVIRONMENT FOR PEACE AND REGIONAL COOPERATION | 375 |
Provisions of the Constitutive Act of the African Union | 377 |
African Renaissance to promote regional cooperation | 379 |
African economic regions fostering cooperation | 380 |
Main organs of the East African Community | 381 |
Access to land and violent conflict in Africa | 388 |
Darfura region in crisis | 389 |
Land water and conflict in the Senegal River basin | 390 |
Refugee influx adjacent to national parks | 394 |
Conflict contributes to rapid urban growth in Luanda Angola | 395 |
Impacts of war and peace | 396 |
Affected populations in the Great Lakes Region | 400 |
Protected areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and major politicalmilitary divisions 2001 | 401 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo national parks overexploited | 402 |
THE FUTURE TODAY | 412 |
Population trends in the various subregions | 420 |
GDP growth by ECA subregion | 421 |
Gross Domestic Product by subregion | 422 |
Regional Scenario Narratives | 428 |
PoleStarandT21 413 | 429 |
Imagineextreme land degradation in Western and Central Africa | 430 |
Regional projections of land under irrigation in the four scenarios | 436 |
Changes in total irrigated land area | 437 |
Subregional picture of degraded cropland by 2025 under the various scenarios | 438 |
Population experiencing inadequate access to water in the different scenarios | 443 |
Opportunities offered by planting woodlots on marginal land | 448 |
SubRegional Scenarios | 454 |
Imagine an increase in temperature in the subregion | 456 |
Possible policy messages | 458 |
Priority areas for conservation | 459 |
Fragmentation of forests by infrastructure such as roads | 460 |
Per capita renewable water resources in Northern Africa | 462 |
Impact on selected water indicators in Africa as per AEO1 scenario model | 463 |
Facing the challenge of limited groundwater resources | 467 |
Harnessing the opportunities of participatory management | 468 |
Average cumulative rainfall mm in Western Africa 19681998 | 469 |
Conclusion | 477 |
BACK TO OUR COMMON FUTURE A RENAISSANCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT | 482 |
Annual costs of environmental degradation in Egypt | 483 |
Countries affected by food insecurity due to natural hazards during the 200506 cropping seasons | 485 |
Water withdrawals by country | 492 |
Biodiversity hotspots | 500 |
THE HUMAN DIMENSION Box 1 Impact of mining on the environment and human health 17 | 505 |
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS | 519 |
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS | 525 |
| 534 | |
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Africa Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our Wealth United Nations Environment Programme No preview available - 2006 |
Common terms and phrases
activities Africa agricultural approach areas assessment associated basin benefits biodiversity capacity cause cent Central Centre challenges Chapter climate change coastal communities conservation contribute cooperation costs countries cover crops degradation diversity Eastern economic ecosystems effective energy Environment environmental established example FACED factors Figure fish fisheries forest freshwater global governance growing growth human impacts implementation important improved increased industry initiatives institutions integrated interlinkages investment irrigation islands issues Kenya Lake land levels livelihoods loss Madagascar major marine million natural resources Ocean opportunities Organization particularly planning plants pollution poor population potential poverty problems processes production Programme promote protected reduce regional Report requires responses result River sector social Source South Africa Southern species strategies sub-regional sustainable sustainable development tourism trade UNEP United urban well-being Western wetlands woodlands World