Conversational fluency is the primary objective. Courses are generally of 24 weeks duration for western and central European languages and 47 weeks in the non-Roman alphabet languages. The program is designed to meet anticipated needs of the Army and to afford opportunity for volunteer training. Commissioned officers are required to serve a minimum of 2 years in the active forces upon completion of their language training. Warrant officers and enlisted personnel must have a minimum of 15 months service remaining after completion of training. Participation in the program amounts to some 1,700 in October 1957. Total anticipated input for fiscal year 1958 is 2,500.

1. Postgraduate training of officers

NAVY

The Navy operates the United States Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, Calif., which consists of three component schools-the Engineering School, the General Line School, and the Navy Management School. The Engineering School is the only component which utilizes courses at civilian colleges, and which is included within the scope of this paper. The United States Naval Postgraduate School is an accredited institution, with the superintendent being authorized to confer advanced academic degrees to those officers who qualify for such degrees in accordance with academic standards of the school. The function of the Engineering School is to provide basic and advanced scientific and technical education to the officer students assigned in order to fit them for future responsibilities in the direction and administration of the Navy's activities in all technical fields. Some of the curriculums are given in their entirety at the Engineering School, while others provide for terminal studies at a civilian institution after an initial year or two at the United States Naval Postgraduate School and a few of the curriculums are given entirely at civilian institutions. Eligibility for participation varies by specific curriculums. In general, officers are eligible for postgraduate educational opportunities after about 5 years of commissioned service. Each participant in the program is required to serve on active duty 1 year for each half year or fraction thereof of postgraduate instruction received. All expenses are paid by the Government. Approximately 800 officers participate in the engineering-school program each year, of which about 250 attend civilian institutions.

2. Advanced school program for enlisted personnel

A relatively new program, known as the Navy enlisted advanced-school program, is available to outstanding petty officers who have at least 3 years' active naval service and are under age 30. It is designed to produce systems engineers (analysts) to meet Navy requirements. This program provides a total of 4 years of college-level training in civilian universities. The 4 years are not continuous; maximum periods of 2 years of education alternating with service and operating assignments of not less than 2 years are scheduled. The special curriculum is so designed that trainees will be prepared to serve as technicians at the completion of the initial 2 years of education and will have completed a prescribed engineering course at the end of 4 years of schooling. Personnel completing the entire program will be required to serve at least 4 additional years of active service. In other words, they will have to serve a total of 8 years after their initial enrollment. Participants are eligible for commissioning, if otherwise acceptable, upon attainment of a degree. As of November 1957, a total of 138 were enrolled in the program and were attending either Purdue University or the University of Washington.

3. Enlisted scientific education program

This program was initiated in January 1958. It is available to Navy and Marine Corps enlisted personnel in any rate or rating who have completed recruit or equivalent training and are less than 30 years of age. The program provides 4 years of consecutive education in civilian institutions in any scientific field for which the Navy has requirements. One year of obligated service will be required in operational assignments for each year or fraction thereof of education. Upon attainment of a baccalaureate degree, participants are eligible for commissioning if otherwise acceptable. The quota for this program for fiscal year 1959 is 200.

4. Navy foreign language program

The Navy conducts a foreign language program at its Naval Intelligence School in Anacostia. Officers above the grade of ensign with at least 2 years of college education and under 30 years of age are eligible. Enlisted personnel

must pass an aptitude test. All are required to serve on active duty for a period double that of the length of training upon completion of the course. Courses in 12 languages are offered. The courses range in length from 41⁄2 to 18 months. Enrollments as of October 1, 1957, were 79. Total input into the program during fiscal years 1955 through 1957 totaled 812.

AIR FORCE

The Air Force, through the Air Force Institute of Technology, provides educational opportunities at the undergraduate and graduate levels to meet established Air Force requirements. The training is conducted in residence at the Institute at Wright Patterson AFB and at selected civilian institutions.

The Institute program consists of a professional education program in scientific, technical, managerial, and other areas; training with industry programs; and a program in foreign language and language-area training. A short-course program conducted for officers on a temporary duty basis is also available. In addition, the AFIT administers various medical education programs.

Academic and military prerequisite qualifications vary in accordance with the particular program. In general, applicants must be commissioned officers an active duty and who have completed at least 1 year of active duty and have not reached age 37. The lengths of the courses offered vary although, with the exception of the foreign language program, they are generally of 1 or 2 years duration. Duration of the courses in foreign languages, which are also available to airmen, range from 6 to 12 months. Normally, a tour of duty as a student in the Institute's professional education program will not exceed 24 consecutive months. All expenses are paid by the Air Force. Officers participating in the program must agree to remain on extended active duty for at least 3 years after termination of training. To participate in the foreign-language program airmen must have 3 years of service remaining on their enlistment after completion of their training.

As of November 1957, over 500 officers were enrolled in the residence program at Wright-Patterson AFB and an additional 1,680 were enrolled in the civilian institutions portion of the professional education program. Over half of the enrollees in the civilian institutions and three-quarters of those in the residence portion of the professional education program were pursuing courses of a scientific, technical or engineering nature. Beginning in 1955, the residence school was accredited to grant degrees in engineering. About 70 were enrolled in the training-with-industry program and about 900 persons were enrolled in the foreign language programs in civilian institutions.

C. Medical and dental residences

The ASD (H&M) has established uniform policies governing medical and dental residency programs in the three Military Departments. These programs are available to in-service personnel and less frequently to civilian interns who will accept appointment in the Regular service. Residency training may be given in military or civilian hospitals. Participants in residency programs at mlitary hospitals obligate themselves for 1 additional year of active duty for every year of residency. Those who participate in civilian hospitals have a somewhat greater obligated term, e. g., 2 years of residency requires 3 years of active duty, excluding the residency period. In October 1957, 1,313 persons were participating in residency programs (Army, 392; Navy, 451; Air Force, 470).

D. Special education programs for medical, dental, and allied categories of personnel

Each of the military departments provides special education programs for their medical and dental officers, medical service corps officers, nurse corps officers, etc. These programs involve a variety of long and short courses given at civilian or military institutions. The longer courses, ranging from 6 months to several years, are generally at the graduate level. These programs usually require additional obligated service or else require specified minimum periods of obligated service to be remaining upon completion of the courses. As of October 1957, 495 persons were enrolled in the longer courses (Army, 254; Navy, 143; Air Force, 98).

III. OFF-DUTY PROGRAMS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL

The off-duty education programs of the Armed Forces provide service men and women on active duty with an opportunity to continue their education while fulfilling their military obligation.

The Assistant Secretary of Defense (manpower, personnel, and reserve) through the Director, OAFIE, is responsible for coordinating the off-duty education programs with the separate military services.

To assure that an efficient off-duty education program is maintained at all times for the Armed Forces personnel, a Defense Advisory Committee on Education in the Armed Forces has been established. The committee provides a channel for obtaining professional advice from eminent educators in the United States, on education matters pertaining to the Armed Forces.

A. The United States Armed Forces Institute

The United States Armed Forces Institute, more commonly known as USAFI, is the backbone of the Armed Forces voluntary education program. It is the largest adult education program in the world. USAFI, chartered by the Secretary of Defense, is a field activity of the Office of Armed Forces Information and Education. Although USAFI is used exclusively by the Armed Forces, it is essentially a civilian-type educational organization. USAFI, Madison, Wis., together with the five oversea USAFI's in Europe, Japan, Alaska, Hawaii, and the Caribbean serve all personnel of the Armed Forces in the continental United States and overseas. Millions of servicemen have availed themselves of the opportunity afforded by USAFI to further their civilian education. At the same time, the increased training has enabled them to progress to better assignments in the service and to do more acceptable work.

There are two types of courses offered by USAFI-correspondence and selfteaching. In the correspondence courses, the individual may submit lessons specified for that course and pass the end-of-course test. For self-teaching courses, the individual does not have to submit lessons, but he must pass the and-of-course test. Both types of courses range from the elementary level through the first 2 years of college. An individual enrollment fee of $2.00 is charged for the first enrollment in a course and as long as the individual completes each course in which he enrolls no additional fee is required.

At present, USAFI offers 212 courses in 6 major subject areas-communications, mathematics, sciences, social studies, humanities, and technical-vocational. There are courses at elementary, high school, technical-vocational, and college level. USAFI courses are evaluated by the Commission on Accreditation of Service Experiences of the American Council on Education to determine their credit value educationally. Such recommendations are advisory and civilian schools make the final decision as to whether to grant academic credit for work taken by USAFI courses toward high-school diplomas or college degrees. Through the USAFI testing program, servicemen receive credit for their educational accomplishments with civilian and military establishments in most instances. In fiscal year 1957, there were approximately 81,500 enrollments in USAFI collegelevel correspondence and self-teaching courses.

USAFI course materials are also used in group study classes maintained at many military installations under which work is done in much the same manner as in regular schools.

B. Correspondence courses offered by colleges and universities through USAFI Members of the United States Armed Forces may pursue correspondence courses with 44 colleges and universities through USAFI. Courses in both academic and technical areas at minimum costs to the servicemen are available. The enrollment fee covers cost of course materials and administrative charge only. The United States Government pays the cost of lesson service provided the serviceman enrolls through USAFI. Enrollments in participating college programs amounted to 8,400 in fiscal year 1957.

C. Tuition assistance program

Under the program, partial payment of tuition costs are made by each of the military services for their personnel on active duty to study in their off-duty time. The maximum payment authorized is 75 percent of the tuition cost, not to exceed $7.50 each semester hour, or $5 each quarter hour at approved colleges and universities. Two kinds of course offerings are available under this program: (1) Courses at the college level offered on the post, base, or station by qualified instructors from nearby colleges and universities; and (2) those courses taught in the regular classrooms of neighboring colleges or universities by members of the institution's regular teaching staff. Courses taken through either of these two programs will meet, at least in part, the residence requirements for graduation. Participants in the tuition-assistance program totaled 174,883 during fiscal year 1957.

Included as a part of the tuition-assistance program is the overseas college and university program for service personnel. The University of Maryland has established resident centers in England, France, Germany, North Africa, Japan, Okinawa, Korea, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. Florida State University conducts classes in the Caribbean area. The University of Hawaii conducts classes for service personnel stationed in the central Pacific islands, while the University of Alaska offers classes to service personnel stationed in the Alaskan Command.

Each service allows its military personnel on extended-active duty to participate in the program. Commissioned officers must agree to remain on active duty for 2 years after completion of the courses taken. The Navy requires that its enlisted personnel must have begun a secord or subsequent enlistment before they are eligible for participation.

IV. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF DEFENSE

Employees of the DOD are given training on matters related to their work in order to improve their performance and to keep them abreast of changes taking place in their field of work. Most such training is given at the place of employ ment but this training is supplemented, where appropriate, through the use of colleges and other educational institutions. The bulk of these courses are of the short, specialized variety, although in some instances long-term, full-time, advanced study, up to 1 year, has been authorized, particularly for specially qualified personnel in scientific and engineering fields.

Employees also are encouraged to engage in self-improvement training activities after working hours. Through arrangements with local universities, many installations have arranged for the conduct of courses right on the installation. In most instances, these courses are conducted after working hours. In some cases, however, they may be conducted in part during working hours and in part after hours. The cost of the courses may be borne entirely by the student or by the department, or in part by the student and in part by the department, depending on the degree of the relationship to the employee's work and the nature of the program.

To provide a flow of qualified personnel into professional categories, such as science and engineering, the Department is conducting extensive programs of cooperative education, where employees alternate work and study leading toward a degree. The employment constitutes a regular continuing and essential ele ment in the educational process, the work assignments are related to the field of study in which the student is engaged, and these assignments increase in difficulty as he progresses through his college curriculum. Cooperative education programs may be conducted either through the facilities of recognized cooperative educational colleges or through other colleges where plans for inte gration of work and study leading to a degree can be developed.

Cooperative education programs in the Military Departments are governed by uniform standards and policies promulgated by the Secretary of Defense. Normally, they do not provide for financial assistance toward payment of tuition or other expenses or salaries while attending school. When it is determined that the payment of tuition assistance is necessary in order to attract and retain students, such assistance may not exceed one-half of the tuition costs of the total program leading to the undergraduate degree. When desirable, student-employees pursuing studies at the graduate level may be given financial assistance up to the full amount of the tuition expenses. Formal service and reimbursement agreements are required where financial assistance is given. Students agree to remain with the Department after graduation for a period proportionate to the amount of financial assistance provided. If the student does not fulfill this obligation, he is required to refund the tuition paid.

During the latter part of the calendar year 1957, about 1,800 persons were enrolled in these cooperative education programs. Most of these programs have been established in the various fields of engineering and science, although some programs do include students in administrative fields such as accounting, budget, and production control.

V. RESEARCH ASSISTANTSHIPS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Research and development contracts with educational institutions and research centers affiliated with educational institutions are an important part of the military research and development effort. These contracts, which are per

formed under the leadership of established investigators, often provide employment for a substantial number of research assistants who perform research while engaged in completing graduate or postgraduate training. Such employment contributes to the technical training of the student and, through the income it provides, indirectly assists him in completing his education. Based on Department of Defense appropriations for research and development, it is roughly estimated that between 10,000 and 15,000 research assistants are employed on research and development contracts. Practically all of these contracts cover scientific and technical projects.

CONSTITUTION PARTY, VIRGINIA,
Arlington, Va., March 14, 1958.

Hon. CARL ELLIOTT,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Special Education,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D. C.

DEAR SIR: Your letter of March 11 informing me that my appearance before your committee with the intention of testifying against H. R. 10278 and H. R. 10381 would be canceled due to the lack of time.

In your letter you also requested that I comment on the above bills, which I will gladly do.

After reading and studying the two bills, I find that the authors of these bills refrained from bringing to light the reasons for the sorry state which our schools are in, and neither did they point to those responsible for creating this deporable condition.

The only way to rectify the backward trend in our educational institutions is to expose and turn the spotlight of public opinion upon those that have been responsible for hamstringing our children these many years.

The authors of these bills have very cleverly avoided making any mention of this angle but have created the theme, "Money will cure all evils," which is not only deceitful but dangerous. The spending of billions never did correct an evil and it will not cure the present conspiracy in our public schools.

After reading and analyzing both bills 10278 and 10381 I am fully convinced that they were written jointly by the professional educational experts in the United States Department of Education and the National Education Association. In H. R. 10278, the Federal Government would confer upon the Commissioner of Education unlimited powers and authority in the field of education which is in direct strict violation of the 10th amendment of the Constitution of the United States.

This power and authority would virtually establish a commissar or dictator in the field of education. He would control the curriculum, personnel (including teachers) standards, textbooks, and the brain-conditioning subject known as "guidance."

This unprecedented devastating Federal power and authority is recognized as being dangerous and harmful, because in H. R. 10381, page 6, section 15, it clearly states, "Federal control of education prohibited."

This warning should be sufficient to kill and bury H. R. 10278 and all other Federal-aid bills for education without further comment or discussion because it points up the underlying danger of the Federal Government meddling with public education. The composers of this bill realized in their own minds that certain safeguards were vital and necessary to keep the Federal Government out of the field of education.

However, at this junction, we must take into account the possibility that both bills were written by the same people or at least a great deal of collaboration went into both bills. We must keep in mind that one bill went to the extreme in giving the Federal Government control of the schools while the other bill prohibited the Federal Government from controlling the schools.

Knowing the inner workings and the close relationship between the United States Department of Education and the National Education Association, the proposition thus resolves itself into "Heads I win, tails you lose," since each have consistently supported every move of the other, it therefore wouldn't make any difference which bill became law. In either case the school children will still be the victims in the anti-American scheme of socialism, worldism, and communism. The National Education Association supports the United States Department of Education, and the United States Department of Education supports the National Education Association, so if either bill becomes a law we will get the same type