Scientific Integrity and Public Trust: The Science Behind Federal Policies and Mandates : Case Study 2--climate Models and Projections of Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, November 16, 1995, Volume 4U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996 - 1190 pages |
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Page 9
... atmospheric models predict the physical behavior of the atmosphere . Oceanic models represent the physics of the ocean . Cou- pled models , which scientists regard as the most advanced type of model , physically join the atmospheric and ...
... atmospheric models predict the physical behavior of the atmosphere . Oceanic models represent the physics of the ocean . Cou- pled models , which scientists regard as the most advanced type of model , physically join the atmospheric and ...
Page 10
... Atmospheric and oceanic models include fewer processes than coupled models where the oceans and the atmosphere meet , such as oceanic pressures , climatic fluc- tuations , and the effects of winds at the surface of the oceans ...
... Atmospheric and oceanic models include fewer processes than coupled models where the oceans and the atmosphere meet , such as oceanic pressures , climatic fluc- tuations , and the effects of winds at the surface of the oceans ...
Page 11
... atmosphere , thereby enhancing global warm- ing more rapidly than the models predict . Scientists estimate that cold start error causes models to underestimate temperature changes , resulting in projections of av- erage annual ...
... atmosphere , thereby enhancing global warm- ing more rapidly than the models predict . Scientists estimate that cold start error causes models to underestimate temperature changes , resulting in projections of av- erage annual ...
Page 26
... atmosphere . The satellite finds no warming in that layer . The top graph is the warming predicted by the model that was most cited in the United Nations ' document specifically designed to produce the backing for the Rio Climate Treaty ...
... atmosphere . The satellite finds no warming in that layer . The top graph is the warming predicted by the model that was most cited in the United Nations ' document specifically designed to produce the backing for the Rio Climate Treaty ...
Page 29
... atmosphere should have already warmed between 1.3 and 2.3 ° C as a result of changes in greenhouse gases ; the observed warming is 0.5 ° C . As a graphic example of this , note the difference between the greenhouse warming model of ...
... atmosphere should have already warmed between 1.3 and 2.3 ° C as a result of changes in greenhouse gases ; the observed warming is 0.5 ° C . As a graphic example of this , note the difference between the greenhouse warming model of ...
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adaptation aerosols AGBM agencies agriculture analysis anthropogenic areas atmosphere biomass carbon dioxide century climate models climate system CO₂ emissions coastal communications concentrations CONGRESS THE LIBRARY Convention costs Dana Rohrabacher decades developing countries economic ecosystems effects emission reduction energy efficiency environmental estimates expected factors forestry forests fossil fuel future gases Gigagrams Global Change Research global climate models global warming greenhouse effect greenhouse gas emissions impacts implementation improved increase industrial inventory IPCC IPCC Working Group issues land methane mitigation NIERENBERG ocean OECD options Panel Parties period policies and measures population potential predictions production projected radiative forcing range reduce regional response ROHRABACHER SBSTA scenarios Science scientific scientists sea level rise Second Assessment Report secretariat sector simulations sources studies Summary for Policymakers technical technologies temperature uncertainties understanding United USGCRP variability weather
Popular passages
Page 352 - Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
Page 313 - Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account the fact that economic and social development and eradication of poverty are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.
Page 346 - the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate...
Page 347 - Nevertheless, the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate.
Page 936 - The ultimate objective of the Convention is to achieve the 'stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate...
Page 936 - ... where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such measures, taking into account that policies and measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective so as to ensure global benefits at the lowest possible cost.
Page 347 - Our ability to quantify the human influence on global climate is currently limited because the expected signal is still emerging from the noise of natural variability, and because there are uncertainties in key factors. These include the magnitude and patterns of...
Page 344 - Climate change' means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Page 232 - Department of Defense Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services...
Page 354 - CO, equilibrium conditions, a substantial fraction (a global average of one-third, varying by region from one-seventh to two-thirds) of the existing forested area of the world will undergo major changes in broad vegetation types — with the greatest changes occurring in high latitudes and the least in the tropics. Climate change is expected to occur at a rapid rate relative to the speed at which forest species grow, reproduce and re-establish themselves.