Sources: BP Statistical Review, 1992 and World Resources 1992–93.

•Tr = traditional (woodfuel, crop residues and animal dung): Cocoal; Oi - Oil; NG - natural gas: ΣF = total fossils: Al = alternatives (nuclear, hydro, wind, geothermal, etc.) (all % of total energy); ΣEner = total energy; (M)toe = (million) tons of oil equivalent: popul population: GNP gross national product in 1989.

Western Europe = OÈCD Europe (includes Turkey); Eastern Europe = non-OECD Europe (includes Cyprus. Gibraltar and Malta): JANZ = Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

Source: Van Ettinger (1994), p.12.

Figure 7.1

Schematic overview of available options to counter the greenhouse effect and their possible feedbacks

Figure 7.2

Options for CO2 emission reduction
in the EU, net and gross costs,
and effectiveness

Figure 7.3

Marginal costs of CO2 emission

reduction

$600

$500

400

300

Marginal cost of CO2 reduction (US$/t CO2 Aw.

200

$100

0

Source: Kram, 1994a, p. xiv