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Between brackets: figures for 50% reduction in marginal costs of renewables over all intervals, and for a doubling of marginal costs of forestry over all intervals respectively.

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Sources: BP Statistical Review, 1992 and World Resources 1992–93.

⚫ Tr = traditional (woodfuel, crop residues and animal dung): Co = coal; Oi

Oil; NG » natural gas: EF = total fossils: Al =

alternatives (nuclear, hydro, wind, geothermal, etc.) (all % of total energy); ΣEner = total energy: (M)toe = (million) tons of oil equivalent: popul population: GNP = gross national product in 1989.

* Western Europe - OECD Europe (includes Turkey); Eastern Europe = non-OECD Europe (includes Cyprus. Gibraltar and Malta): JANZ - Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

Source: Van Ettinger (1994), p.12.

Figure 7.1

Schematic overview of available options to counter the greenhouse effect and their possible feedbacks

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Figure 7.2

Options for CO2 emission reduction
in the EU, net and gross costs,
and effectiveness

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