funds received; (D) provide for an audit by the State educational authority of the expenditure of funds received and allocated to local school jurisdictions, and for a system of reports from local school jurisdictions to such authority; (E) provide that the State educational authority shall make quarterly reports, in such form as the Commissioner shall prescribe, showing the number of pupils in daily attendance in free public elementary and secondary schools within such State during the preceding quarter, and such other reports as the Commissioner may deem necessary to enable him to carry out his functions under this Act; (F) provide that there will be expended in such State from State or local sources, during any fiscal year for which a grant is made under this Act, an amount for payment of teachers' salaries which is not less than the amount expended from such sources for such purposes during the last preceding fiscal year; and (G) provide that from the grants received under this Act for a fiscal year there shall be paid quarterly to each free public elementary and secondary school within such State an amount equal to $15 for each pupil in average daily attendance in such school during the preceding quarter;

(2) shell transmit through its State educational authority to the United States Commissioner of Education official notice of acceptance and certified copies of the legislative enactments and the official regulations that may be issued by the State educational authority in connection with such funds. Any amendment of such enactments and revisions of official regulations shall, in like manner, be transmitted to the Commissioner.

SEC. 5. The Commissioner shall, prior to the beginning of each quarter, estimate the amount to be paid for such quarter to a State which has accepted the provisions of this Act, and shall certify the amount so estimated, reduced or increased, as the case may be, by any sum by which he finds that his estimate for any prior quarter was greater or less than the amount which should have been paid to such State for such quarter, to the Secretary of the Treasury who shall, through the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department and prior to audit or settlement by the General Accounting Office, pay to the treasurer or corresponding official of such State, as soon as possible after the beginning of each quarter, the amount certified by the Commissioner with respect to such quarter. Each such treasurer shall account for the moneys received, and shall pay out such funds only on the requisition of the State educational authority.

SEC. 6. Whenever the Commissioner, after reasonable notice and opportunity for hearing to a State which has accepted the provisions of this Act, finds that: any funds paid to such State under section 5 have been expended for any purpose not authorized by this Act, he may withhold further certifications until the funds so expended shall have been repaid.

SEC. 7. As used in this Act

(a) The term "State" includes the several States, the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands.

(b) The term "State educational authority" means, as the State legislature may determine, (1) the chief State school officer (such as the State superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of education, or similar officer), or (2) a board of education controlling the State department of education; except that in the District of Columbia it shall mean the Board of Education.

(c) The term "teacher" includes persons engaged in instruction, but does not include persons engaged solely in the supervision or administration of instruction. SEC. 8. No department, agency, or officer of the United States shall exercise any supervision or control over any school with respect to which any funds are expended pursuant to this Act, nor shall any term or condition of any agreement under this Act relating to any grant made under this Act authorize any agency or officer of the United States to control the administration, personnel, curriculum, instruction, methods of instruction, or materials of instruction with respect to any such school.

Senator AIKEN. There is also a new bill, introduced by Senators Pepper and Murray, S. 1157, which the Chair thinks might be printed also inasmuch as it will be explained next Monday by Senators Pepper and Murray before this committee. Therefore, S. 1157 may be printed in the report, also.

Now, Miss Walsh, will you proceed with your testimony.

(S. 1157 is as follows:)

[S. 1157, 80th Cong., 1st sess.]

A BILL To promote the general welfare by providing funds to assist the several States in paying adequate salaries to teachers in public schools

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled, That for the purpose of assisting the States in improving their systems of free public education by grants-in-aid to supplement the salaries of teachers in public schools, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1948, and for each fiscal year thereafter such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.

GRANTS TO STATES

SEC. 2. The Commissioner shall grant to each State having a plan approved under section 3 of this Act such sums as may be necessary to enable such State thereafter

(a) to compensate teachers in its public schools for increases in the cost of living occuring after January 1, 1941, by increasing the rate of the annual salary of each such teacher (1) by such amount if any as may be necessary, when added to the salary paid from funds of such State or any political subdivision thereof, or both, at the rate in effect on July 1, 1947, for teachers occupying like positions and having like qualifications and experience, to produce an aggregate annual salary which exceeds by $800 the amount of the salary received on January 1, 1941, from such State or political subdivision, or both, by teachers occupying like positions and having like qualifications and experience; or (2) in the case of any teacher occupying a position which did not exist on January 1, 1941, by such amount not in excess of $800 as may be necessary (as determined, with the approval of the Commissioner, by the State educational agency designated under section 3 of this Act) to place the annual salary of such teacher upon a parity with other teachers occupying like positions and having like qualifications and experience; and

(b) after making any salary increase pursuant to section 2 (a) of this Act, to increase the rate of the annual salary of each teacher in its public schools by such amount if any as may be necessary to produce an aggregate annual salary of $2,400, in the case of a teacher occupying a position for which the satisfactory completion of a course of four years or more at an accredited college or university is a qualifying requirement, or $1,800, in the case of a teacher occupying a position for which the satisfactory completion of such course is not a qualifying requirement.

STATE PLANS

SEC. 3. (a) In order to be eligible to receive grants pursuant to section 2 of this Act a State shall

(1) accept the provisions of this Act and provide for the administration of funds to be received;

(2) provide that the State treasurer, or corresponding fiscal official in the State, shall serve as trustee for the funds paid to the State under this Act; (3) designate or establish a single State educational agency which shall prepare a plan to cary out the provisions of this Act with such State, and which shall carry into execution or supervise the execution of such plan;

(4) provide for a periodical audit by the State treasurer, or corresponding fiscal official in the State, of accounts of the State educational agency with respect to the expenditure of funds received and disbursed as authorized by this Act;

(5) provide that the State treasurer, or corresponding fiscal official in the State, and the State educational agency shall submit to the Commissioner such annual and other reports in such form and containing such information as he may from time to time reasonably require;

(6) provide that funds received by the State under this Act shall be expended exclusively for the purpose of supplementing the salaries of teachers in public schools of such State;

(7) provide for the expenditure from funds of such State or any political subdivision thereof, or both, during any fiscal year for which a grant is made

pursuant to section 2 of this Act of an amount for the payment of the annual salary for each teaching position which is not less than the amount paid for such position during the preceding fiscal year, or if no such position existed in the preceding fiscal year, the amount paid (as determined, with the approval of the Commissioner, by the State educational agency designated under section 3 of this Act) in such fiscal year for teachers occupying like positions and having like qualifications and experience;

(8) provide that receipt of funds by such State pursuant to section 2 of this Act shall not be used as a basis for the reduction of the annual rate of salary paid for any teaching position in its public schools below the rate in effect for such position on July 1, 1947; and

(9) provide that the provisions of such plan shall be administered without discrimination against any person on account of his race, creed, color, sex, religion, or economic status, except that in States which require by law the segregation of races for educational purposes, separate administrative arrangements may be provided for such purposes, but such arrangements shall be in full accordance with the provisions of this Act.

(b) Acceptance of the provisions of this Act by any State pursuant to section 3 (a) of this Act shall be for a period of at least one or more full fiscal years, and shall be by action of its legislative body. If such legislature (1) does not meet in time to give such acceptance prior to the beginning of the fiscal year ending June 30 of 1948 or any subsequent year, or (2) meets in time to give such acceptance but fails to do so, the chief executive of such State, if authorized to do so under the constitution and laws of such State, may give such acceptance provisionally and may take such other action as may be necessary to fulfill the requirements of this Act. Thereupon the Commissioner shall grant to such State such sums as may be necessary to enable it to carry out the purposes of section 2 of this Act until acceptance of the provisions of this Act is given by the legislature of such State, or until a date six months after the adjournment of the first regular session of such legislature beginning after the date of enactment of this Act, whichever is earlier.

(c) The State plans submitted as required by subsection (a) of this section shall be examined by the Commissioner, and if he shall find that they conform to the requirements of this Act he shall approve them.

PAYMENTS TO STATES

SEC. 4 (a) The Commissioner, under the supervision of the Federal Security Administrator, is authorized to administer the provisions of this Act, and with the approval of the Administrator, to promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.

(b) Prior to the beginning of each quarter of each fiscal year the Commissioner shall estimate the sum to which each State which has accepted the provisions of this Act will be entitled under the provisions of this Act for such quarter, and shall certify to the Secretary of the Treasury (1) the name of the State educational agency or fiscal agent designated by each State to receive such payment and (2) the amount so estimated, reduced or increased, as the case may be, by any sum by which the Commissioner shall find that his estimate for any prior quarter was greater or less than the amount to which such State was entitled for such quarter. At the beginning of each quarter the Secretary of the Treasury shall, through the Fiscal Service of the Treasury Department and prior to audit or settlement by the General Accounting Office, pay to each such State the amount so certified, beginning with the first quarter of the fiscal year for which appropriations made under the authorization of this Act are available.

(c) The amount so paid to any State shall be available for disbursement by that State to any political subdivision thereof or any local public-school jurisdiction or authority which is authorized to disburse funds in payment of the salaries of teachers employed in their respective public schools.

(d) The Commissioner shall cause an annual audit to be made of the expenditure of funds under this Act by each State. If the Commissioner, after reasonable notice and opportunity for hearing to the State educational agency, shall find that in the administration of any State plan there is a failure to comply substantially with any of the provisions of such plan, he shall (1) notify such State agency that no further payment will be made to the State until he is satisfied that there is no longer any failure of the State to comply, and (2) make no further certification to the Secretary of the Treasury for the payment of funds to such State under this Act until he shall be so satisfied.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

SEC. 5. No department, agency, officer, or employee of the United States shall exercise any direction, supervision, or control over any school with respect to which any funds are expended pursuant to this Act, nor shall any term or condition of any agreement under this Act relating to any grant made under this Act authorize any department, agency, officer, or employee of the United States to direct, supervise, or control in any way the administration, personnel, curriculum, instruction, methods of instruction, or materials of instruction with respect to any such school.

REPORT TO CONGRESS

SEC. 6. The Commissioner shall transmit annually to the Congress a full report concerning the administration of this Act, including a description of the essential features of the several State plans carried on under this Act, a detailed statement of appropriations and disbursements made thereunder, a statement of the result of each annual audit made of the expenditure of funds under this Act by each State, a summary and analysis of legislative and administrative provisions adopted by each State for the expenditure of funds received under this Act, and statistical information showing the accomplishments achieved by the several States through the expenditure of such funds.

SEC. 7. As used in this Act

DEFINITIONS

(a) The term "State" shall include the several States, the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.

(b) The term "legislature" includes the State or Territorial legislative or other comparable body, except that in the District of Columbia it shall mean the Board of Commissioners.

(c) The term "State educational agency" means (1) the State superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of education, or similar chief State school officer designated by competent authority, or (2) a board of education controlling the State department of education duly authorized to prepare and execute or to prepare and supervise the execution of the State plan under this Act, except that in the District of Columbia it shall mean the Board of Education.

(d) The term "Commissioner" means the United States Commissioner of Education within the Federal Security Agency.

(e) The term "public school" means a free public elementary or secondary school supported exclusively by public funds and controlled by the government of any State, political subdivision thereof, or other local public-school jurisdiction or authority.

(f) The term "teacher" includes (1) persons engaged in the instruction of pupils and (2) principals and supervisors or heads of department units within any public school, but does not include other persons engaged solely in the supervision of administration of instruction or education.

SEPARABILITY

SEC. 8. If any provision of this Act or application thereof to any State, person, or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act and the application of such provision to other States, persons, or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.

STATEMENT OF SARA T. WALSH, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL TEACHERS DIVISION, UNITED PUBLIC WORKERS OF AMERICA, CIO.

Miss WALSH. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I have a prepared statement here. I should like to save time by reading excerpts from that statement and to make certain comments on significant portions.

Senator AIKEN. The committee has promised you a half hour, I believe, Miss Walsh; you may use that half hour just as you see fit. Miss WALSH. There was no reason to expect that the crisis in education would ease off with the cessation of war combat. On the

contrary, it has, by the second peacetime year, become a disaster of such national sweep that every major newspaper, magazine, and radio network has expressed the alarm of the educators and public. The Eightieth Congress has a responsibility to lift our Nation out of this eduational havoc. It is the only agency which can do so because only Congress can correct the fundamental cause. Federalaid action by this Congress is indispensable to the educational needs of millions of children and to the future productive ability of our Nation. Our public schools are one of the prime elements in building for peace, freedom, and prosperity of our Nation. The Eightieth Congress must discharge to our people its obligation to strengthen our public schools.

The National Education Association, the American Council on Education, and the CIO have presented to the Congress and to the public comprehensive data demonstrating the scope and severity of the educational crisis.

Now, I think what impresses us most about the data is the fact that basically there is the inequality among various States to support education; and we have been particularly interested and impressed by the data of the American Council on Education in connection with this.

In my travels in the past year, since I have left the school system, prior to that time I had taught for 21 years in the public schools, in my travels I have been particularly alarmed as a teacher over the disparities that are evident and could not have been evident to me in my previous career as public-school teacher in the North.

I want to cite to you particularly certain experiences in the South. I have been through, in one particular school system in Alabama, every school in the system and I noted especially, was surprised at the inadequate housing, the inadequate facilities. I have seen school buildings that were bungalows; some of them that had classrooms housed in simply houses or buildings that were used as churches during other periods in the week. These buildings had eight classes on each side of the schoolroom, one faucet for the children to use; some of them had no toilet facilities.

Now, to me from a northern school, it was a particularly shocking thing to see; although I have read about these things previously, they could not seem real to me until I had the actual experience of seeing them.

I noted expecially when I was in the South where the low-income States are, that the teachers try to do a good job. Now, we know that these teachers, many of them, are earning $500, $600 a year, and many of them less.

When I went through the schools that I mention, these teachers. were teaching a lesson in the understanding of cultural and racial minorities. That is a lesson that I have taught many times in the North. The blackboard material was very much the same as I had used and yet the equipment that was available to these teachers and the surrounding environment of the children was such that made any kind of teaching the most difficult possible and made the whole problem of learning for children not the exciting and stimulating adventure that it should be but made it a wearisome problem, a problem of discomfort and particularly we want to plead in a Federal aid bill for the bill which will equalize education and lift the States