inican Republic, the Peace Corps was the energizing force behind that country's "Desarrollo Comunidad." Peace Corps participation in El Salvador's "Educational Brigades" has expanded that program from 3 experimental areas to 18, covering most of that small but significant country.

*** Over 1,200 university students are now working in the villages of the Andean highlands in a student peace corps, known as Cooperacion Popular Universitaria. In Chile, 1,500 students are using their vacations to build schools. ***

O. MESSAGE CONCERNING THE PROBLEMS AND FUTURE OF THE CENTRAL CITY AND ITS SUBURBS, MARCH 2, 1965

(Excerpts)

Our new city dwellers will need homes and schools and public services. By 1975 we will need over 2 million new homes a year. We will need schools for 10 million additional children, welfare and health facilities for 5 million more people over the age of 60, transportation facilities for the daily movement of 200 million people and more than 80 million automobiles.

Physical decay, from obsolescent schools to polluted water and air, helps breed social decay. It casts a pall of ugliness and despair on the spirits of the people. And this is reflected in rising crime rates, school dropouts, delinquency, and social disorganization.

Let us be clear about the core of this problem. The problem is people and the quality of the lives they lead. We want to build not just housing units, but neighborhoods; not just to construct schools, but to educate children; not just to raise income, but to create beauty and end the poisoning of our environment. We must extend the range of choices available to all our people so that all, and not just the fortunate, can have access to decent homes and schools, to recreation, and to culture. ***

The problems of the city are problems of housing and education. ****

Whatever the scale of its programs, the Federal Government will only be able to do a small part of what is required. The vast bulk of resources and energy, of talent and toil, will have to come from State and local governments, private interests, and individual citizens. But the Federal Government does have a responsibility. It must help to meet the most urgent national needs; in housing, in education, in health, and in many other areas. * *

***

We must also recognize that this message, and the program it proposes, does not fully meet the problems of the city. In part, this is because many other programs, such as those for education and health, are dealt with separately. ***

To give greater force and effectiveness to our effort in the cities, I ask the Congress to establish a Department of Housing and Urban Development.

The new Department will consist of all the present programs of HHFA. In addition it will be primarily responsible for Federal participation in metropolitan area thinking and planning. This new Department will provide a focal point for thought and innovation and imagination about the problems of our cities. It will cooperate with other Federal agencies, including those responsible for programs providing essential education, health, employment, and social services. * * *

We will continue to use urban renewal to help revitalize the business and industrial districts which are the economic base of the central city. But this program should be more and more concentrated on the development of residential areas so that all our tools-from the poverty program, to education and construction can be used together to create meaningful and livable communities within the city.

To accomplish this purpose cities must develop long-range programs which take into account human as well as construction needs. Therefore I recommend that every city of 50,000 or larger develop a community renewal program as a condition of Federal help for urban renewal. These programs will provide an orderly schedule and pattern for development of areas of blight and decay-combining social and educational services with the planning of physical construction.

***The creation of jobs, the war against poverty, support for education and health, programs for natural beauty and antipollution are all part of an effort to build the great cities which are at the foundation of our hopes for a Great Society.

*** We wish to create a city where men and women can feed the hunger of the spirit for beauty and have access to the best of man's work; where education and the richness of diversity expands our horizons and extends our expectations. But we also look for something

more.

*

P. MESSAGE RELATIVE TO CRIME, ITS PREVALENCE, AND MEASURES OF PREVENTION, MARCH 8, 1965

Crime has become a malignant enemy in America's midst. Since 1940 the crime rate in this country has doubled. It has increased five times as fast as our population since 1958.

*** We must identify and eliminate the causes of criminal activity whether they lie in the environment around us or deep in the nature

of individual men. This is a major purpose of all we are doing in combating poverty and improving education, health, welfare, housing, and recreation.

This active combat against crime calls for a fair and efficient system of law enforcement to deal with those who break our laws. It means giving new priority to the methods and institutions of law enforcement

to our police, who are our frontline, both offensive and defensive, in the fight against crime. There is a great need not only for improved training of policemen but for all people to learn about, to understand, and to assist the policeman in his work;

It has been said that the fault lies in poor living conditions, limited education, and the denial of opportunity. ***

The longrun solution to this view of crime is jobs, education, and hope. This is a goal to which this country is now committed. But we should remember that not all crime is committed by those who are impoverished or those denied equal opportunity.

***

We must, in short, understand that the reasons for the growth of crime are many and complicated. We must accept hard facts at every turn. But like the related problems of poverty and of education, we must face them squarely if we are to succeed.

*

Federal assistance has long been provided in various forms to local law enforcement. Because of Mr. J. Edgar Hoover's early recognition of the need for such assistance, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has provided a number of valuable services to State and local police organizations. It assists them with training activities and the FBI National Academy in Washington gives comprehensive instructions to State and local career law-enforcement officers each year. The Federal Government also provides support for short-term vocational training for police officers and more extensive training in related fields through the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Treasury Department provides instruction for narcotics enforcement personnel through the Bureau of Narcotics Training School.

*** Under the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act, programs have been developed to provide new approaches to the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency and to train needed personnel. * * *

*** I am proposing the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1965. This legislation would authorize the Attorney General to assist State, local, and private groups to improve and strengthen crime control programs and make generally available information as to their effectiveness.

This act would bolster present training programs for local law enforcement personnel and would support the development of new training methods. Fighting crime effectively under modern conditions requires professional police who are expertly trained in a variety

of skills. The Federal Government now provides financial assistance for research and training in other professions-science, mathematics, forign languages, medicine, nursing. Trained, professional law enforcement personnel are fully as essential to the preservation of our national health and strength-and no less deserving of increased Federal support.

*I am establishing the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. ***

*

Typical of the examples of important and troubling questions on which I believe the Commission can furnish guidance are

(4) Is the Nation as a whole providing adequate education and training opportunities for those who administer the criminal laws?

The Commission should evaluate the programs and institutions now available for law-enforcement officers, correctional personnel, and both prosecution and defense attorneys and make recommendations on necessary additions.

The Commission also will work closely with representatives of State and local government; with such groups as the American Bar Association, the American Law Institute, State and local bar groups and appropriate law enforcement organizations, and with universities and other institutions and individuals engaged in important work in the social sciences, mental health, and related areas.

Q. REMARKS TO A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS, MARCH 15, 1965

For Negroes are not the only victims. How many white children have gone uneducated, how many white families have lived in stark poverty, how many white lives have been scarred by fear because we wasted our energy and our substance to maintain the barriers of hatred and terror.

This great, rich, restless country can offer opportunity and education and hope to all-all black and white, all North and South, sharecropper, and the city dweller. These are the enemies—poverty, ignorance, disease. They are enemies, not our fellow man, not our neighbor, and these enemies too, poverty, disease and ignorance, we shall

But I would like to caution you and remind you that to exercise these [citizenship] privileges takes much more than just legal right. It requires a trained mind and a healthy body. It requires a decent home, and the chance to find a job, and the opportunity to escape from the clutches of poverty.

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Of course people cannot contribute to the Nation if they are never taught to read or write, if their bodies are stunted from hunger, if their sickness goes untended, if their life is spent in hopeless poverty just drawing a welfare check.

My first job after college was as a teacher in Cotulla, Tex., in a small Mexican-American school. Few of them could speak English and I couldn't speak much Spanish. My students were poor and they often came to class without breakfast, hungry, and they knew even in their youth that pain of prejudice. They never seemed to know why people disliked them. But they knew it was so. Because I saw it in their eyes. I often walked home late in the afternoon after the classes were finished, wishing there was more that I could do. But all I knew was to teach them the little that I knew, hoping that it might help them against the hardships that lay ahead.

*** I want to be the President who educated young children to the wonders of their world. ***

*

R. COMMUNICATION PROPOSING TO ESTABLISH A BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARCH 18, 1965

*

(Excerpt)

*

*

*

* I am transmitting to the Congress herewith a proposed bill to authorize the establishment of two public colleges in the District of Columbia.

A distinguished Committee on Public Higher Education in the District of Columbia, appointed by President Kennedy, has unanimously recommended to me the establishment of a public community college and a public college of arts and sciences in the District. As the Committee's report makes clear, both colleges are urgently needed.

The Committee's report stressed some of the benefits of establishing two such colleges in the District:

"Higher education for those to whom it was previously inaccessible produces consequences far beyond their own use of it. Availability makes a crucial difference in the motivation for learning at all levels and for all ages, generating hope and self-esteem among individuals and groups previously relegated to inferior status. Presenting models of successful escape from degrading conditions and providing trained leadership for those still struggling to emerge from an unfavorable background, higher education offers the best hope for community progress in our cities' battles against poverty, sickness, unemployment, and crime."

The bill would create immediately a Board of Higher Education to which would be assigned the responsibility and the authority to plan, organize, and operate these colleges. The community college would provide programs, generally extending not more than 2 years beyond the high school level, in both academic and vocational fields, with particular emphasis on the latter. The college of liberal arts and sciences would provide courses leading to bachelor's and master's de