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Senator GRUENING. Well, Mr. Barry, I think it would be very helpful if we could have the record of a particular State. And as you happen to be in charge of this for the State of Texas, I wish you would get us this information specifically, and we can deduce from that what is possible in other States. And I think that might be an entering wedge to what Mr. Hayman is trying to get at. If, as it appears in many cases, these schools have not been aware of their rights, their eligibility, this would be one way in which it could be called to their

attention.

So, if you-we will keep the record open for a week, if you could get us that information, we would appreciate it.19

Mr. HAYMAN. There is still the problem of the custodial schools, sir, getting in under the existing regulations.

Senator GRUENING. Well, I think that is a matter of administration, and we certainly would recommend to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare that a custodial school would be one in which the children were so retarded that they could not be benefitted by education-wouldn't that be so?

Mr. HAYMAN. I guess that would be a good definition.

Mr. BARRY. He has used the term "custodial school." If it is a custodial school, it is eligible.

Senator GRUENING. Not according to Mr. Gray. He says that a custodial school would not be eligible.

Mr. BARRY. He said a custodial institution.

Senator GRUENING. A custodial institution, in the case of retarded children, would, presumably, be one in which the children were so retarded, had such a low mentality, that education would not be possible.

Is that correct?

Mr. HAYMAN. Well, everybody can be educated to a certain limited

extent.

Mr. BARRY. We have some qualified under the public health, also. Senator GRUENING. I would think that the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare would broaden its definition so as to include the institutions where these unfortunate children are kept; even if they do not have more than a most elementary education, they certainly must have some health matters to take care of.

Thank you very much, Mr. Hayman.

Mr. HAYMAN. Thank you, Senator.

Mr. BARRY. Senator, you have, or had a bill by Senator Chavez about the Boys Ranch in New Mexico. Now, it might be interesting to note that we have near Amarillo, Tex., a very famous Boys Ranch which is eligible because it is an independent school district. That group there constitutes a school. I presume that the one in New Mexico is very similar, except that they send the pupils out to public school, which makes the difference under the present law. Otherwise I know the State agency director in New Mexico, I know them all-this institution would have been eligible.

Now, that is a type of purely custodial institution, I presume, without its own school, and therefore technically and actually ineligible. And there are thousands of those in the country.

19 See letter to Senator Gruening, dated Aug. 3, 1959, from the National Association of State Agencies for Surplus Property, p. 248.

Senator GRUENING. In other words, the State of Texas has made it legislatively possible for your organizations to receive surplus, whereas the ones in New Mexico have not?

Mr. BARRY. By the establishment of a school system only.
Senator GRUENING. That is right.

Is Dr. Townsend here? Dr. Townsend, do you wish to testify on a particular bill?

STATEMENT OF DR. WILLIAM CAMERON TOWNSEND, SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTS, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA

Dr. TOWNSEND. Yes, sir. I believe it is S. 2198. It does not broaden the scope of the disposal of surplus property, but permits institutions that now qualify, such as State universities, to take surplus abroad for work that they are doing in foreign countries.

I believe it is something that would be very helpful to winning friends for the United States.

The State universities that are conducting programs abroad are doing so under contracts with the local governments. For instance, our Summer Institute of Linguistics in the University of Oklahoma has contracts with the governments of Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, and a working agreement with the Museum of Brazil.

Senator GRUENING. May I ask, is this part of the mutual security program?

Dr. TOWNSEND. No, sir.

Senator GRUENING. It is entirely independent?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Entirely independent. We get no support from the U.S. Government and nothing from the State of Oklahoma, either. We do have our courses there each summer, and we are training over 200 young people in the science of descriptive linguistics annually there. But our work abroad is supported entirely by contributions.

I have just returned from a trip with a party from Orlandothe president of the Chamber of Commerce of Orlando, Fla., and a number of citizens from Orlando, that took an airplane, a PBY, a Catalina, and presented it to the governments of the five Amazon countries. Senator Holland had presented the plane, along_with Under Secretary Bennett, in Orlando, at the very impressive InterAmerican good will ceremony on the 20th of June. And then the following Sunday, that is, on the 28th, a group of 12 citizens from Orlando, and a photographer, and one or two others, traveled to Brazil and circled the Amazon River, area, over into Bolivia and and up into Peru and Ecuador, terminating the series of InterAmerican good will ceremonies on Quito.

It was a highly successful trip. Many, many friends were won for the United States. And the airplane will continue its service in Amazonia under the care of our pilots and mechanics and radio technicians, serving everyone in the jungle-scientists, government officials, missionaries, businessmen and so forth. And that, of course, is winning friends for the United States. And also we are dotting the great Amazon area with scores and scores of linguistic outposts conducted by young people trained either at the University of Okla

homa, the University of North Dakota, or the University of Washington, in Seattle-in some cases, London, England.

But I notice this along the Amazon. We stopped at Manous, spent a day-and-a-half there, were received by the Governor of the State of Amazonas, and he was very cordial, extremely so, toward the idea of American investors coming in and participating in the program of development for the Amazon River country.

However, when we sought a consul for the United States there was none. A Britisher was giving part time looking after the affairs of Uncle Sam.

The same holds true in Iquitos. And I was told from the mouth of the Amazon clear to the Andes, a stretch of 3,000 miles, the United States has no one looking after its interests, excepting the two Britishers, giving part time.

However, we do have the Americans of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, back in the jungle, working with the Indians, teaching them reading and writing, under contract with the Latin American governments. And if they could secure such articles as water purifier systems and generators and radios-they live in dangerous areas, many of them, perhaps most of them, and they need to report in on radio to our central base-it would be very helpful. In fact, we have to secure them today by buying them from dealers who have secured them from surplus sales and then sell them to us at a profit.

I understand that we can secure things that are abroad already if they are of no commercial value. We have quite an extensive program in the Philippine Islands. We can get surplus equipment there without any problem-we qualify. But to get things in the State of Oklahoma or in the State of North Dakota, or in the State of Washington, we qualify, but cannot take those things abroad where we are serving the interests of the United States.

Senator GRUENING. You mentioned radios and water purifiers. What other types of things do you use?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Generators and aviation equipment. We are operating over 20 airplanes. We need a lot of equipment to keep them in repair. We have two PBY's. We have an old Grumman Duck, still operating after 12 years of service. We are in partnership with the Peruvian Government-they give us the gas to keep that filled and we operate the plane.

Senator GRUENING. Does the Peruvian Government pay any part of the cost of this undertaking?

Dr. TOWNSEND. They help us with an office in the Ministry of Education in Lima. They let all our supplies in free of duty. And they give us a considerable amount of free gasoline for our airplanes. Senator GRUENING. Is that all they do?

Dr. TOWNSEND. That is about all they can do.

Senator GRUENING. You think letting the things in free of duty is an act of generosity?

Dr. TOWNSEND. It helps us a great deal, I will say that. It amounts to several thousand dollars.

Senator GRUENING. Well, thank you very much.

Dr. TOWNSEND. May I show you some newspaper clippings that resulted from our trip. These are just some of the newspaper clippings we collected as we went along, all giving high praise to Orlando and its gesture of friendship and to the United States.

Senator GRUENING. Who finances these enterprises?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Individuals.

Senator GRUENING. Is it philanthropic?

Dr. TOWNSEND. That is right. Once in a while we get a gift from a foundation.

Senator GRUENING. Entirely by voluntary donations?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Yes, sir.

Senator GRUENING. Very worthy. How many people are engaged in these enterprises altogether?

Dr. TOWNSEND. We have 850 at the present time in 12 countries of the world, and we are expecting to send out over 100 this year. Senator GRUENING. What are the countries?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Apart from the ones named, we have researchers in the Philippine Islands, Vietnam, New Guinea, in Canada. We also have quite we are working quite a number of tribes in the United States and Alaska.

Senator GRUENING. You say you are working tribes in Alaska? Dr. TOWNSEND. Yes, sir.

Senator GRUENING. Which ones?

Dr. TOWNSEND. We have one couple on the St. Lawrence Island, studying the Indian language there. I guess it is a dialect of Eskimo, is it not?

Senator GRUENING. It is Eskimo, yes, sir. What do they do up there? They are just studying the language?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Yes, sir, they are just starting. We have been in Alaska about a year and a half. We have established a training post. We have for our workers in South America a jungle training post in southern Mexico. But of course the problems of Alaska-and later we hope to get over to Siberia, to study the languages of Siberia. And so we are training our workers in Alaska how to live in the snow and ice.

Senator GRUENING. Well, whom does it benefit when you study Eskimo languages in the St. Lawrence Island?

Dr. TOWNSEND. We teach the people to read.

Senator GRUENING. Whom do you teach to read?

Dr. TOWNSEND. The people who speak the Eskimo language there. Senator GRUENING. You mean the natives on St. Lawrence Islandyou teach them?

Dr. TOWNSEND. We have not gotten far enough along yet. But that is what we plan to do.

Senator GRUENING. But we have two schools there for that purpose, financed by the Federal Government.

Dr. TOWNSEND. The same holds true in Arizona, Senator. The Navahos have many schools. But we have developed a system of teaching the Navahos to read in their own language, and then make the transfer to English much more rapidly than just to disregard the Indian's own language and barge in on English. And so we are cooperating with the Government schools. It is purely a program of cooperation with Government schools, Government agencies, and is highly appreciated in all these areas.

Senator GRUENING. Do these people of yours on St. Lawrence island collaborate with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which is in charge of the schools?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Certainly, that is our basic program of cooperation. Senator GRUENING. You mean they supply an educational ingredient which the Federal Government does not supply?

Dr. TOWNSEND. We help in any way the Federal Government wishes us to help. Now, among the Navahos, the Federal Government sent a linguist, and he did a good job, to analyze the language and prepare an alphabet which would prepare the Indian to learn to read in English. And the missionaries did not get very enthusiastic about it. But our experts went in and served to help to convince the missionaries that it was the wise alphabet, and so that alphabet prevails today. And I believe that we had quite a service in helping put across the Government alphabet for the Navaho Indians.

Senator GRUENING. Could you furnish for the record the names of the people that you have on St. Lawrence Island? I am very curious as to the character of the work up there.

Dr. TOWNSEND. They are Mr. and Mrs.-they are of Russian background, from southern California. I am sorry I cannot give you the name right now. But I will secure it.

Senator GRUENING. Will you supply it for the record?

Dr. TOWNSEND. Yes, sir.

Senator GRUENING. Those are your only representatives in Alaska? Dr. TOWNSEND. We have four other teams, working in four other languages.

Senator GRUENING. In Alaska?

Dr. TOWNSEND. In Alaska.

Senator GRUENING. What are the other languages that they are working on?

Dr. TOWNSEND. That I cannot tell you. I live in South America almost all the time I can. We have a director in Alaska.

Senator GRUENING. Well, I wonder whether you would supply for the record a list of the teams and where they are working, in Alaska. Dr. TOWNSEND. Yes, sir. And would you care for information about our camp where we train them how to live in the snow and ice? Senator GRUENING. I would appreciate all the information on the subject you can give me.

(The information referred to follows:)

Hon. ERNEST GRUENING,

U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.

SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS, INC.,
Glendale, Calif, August 8, 1959.

DEAR SENATOR: Your letter of August 3d was a very pleasant surprise to me, though I deeply regret that it was necessary for you to write for information that I should have supplied last winter. Our linguistic research in Alaska is so new that our general director, W. Cameron Townsend, did not have readily available the statistical data you asked for.

Our linguistic investigation officially began last October when 18 trainees, including the director and his wife, began an intensive course in Arctic survival which we called Arctic Camp. They were housed along the river at Nenana in the seven Army prefabs belonging to the Yutana Barge Co. During the mornings the trainees studied the survival manuals and in the afternoons put theory to practice in activities which included fishing through the ice in the Nenana River, dog-sled operation, construction of snow shoes, etc., overnight treks along with daily linguistic practices with the natives of the village.

After breakup seven couples went out to points indicated on the enclosed map; namely, Angoon, Tetlin, Kokrines, Arctic Village, Gambell, Kotzebue, and Wainright. We also have a team ready to do linguistic research with the Aleuts and another couple who will soon be ready to begin field work with the

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