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Of the Form of Civil Actions.

Distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and forms of such actions and suits, abolished.

Parties to an action, how designated.

SECTION 69.

70.

72.

Feigned issues abolished, and order for trial substituted.

71. Actions on judgments, when and how to be brought.

Distinction between

§ 69. [Sec. 62.] The distinction between actions at law

actions at and suits in equity, and the forms of all such actions and

law and

suits in

equity, and suits, heretofore existing, are abolished; and there shall be in this state, hereafter, but one form of action for the en

forms of such ac

tions and

ished.

suits abol- forcement or protection of private rights and the redress of private wrongs, which shall be denominated a civil action.

Amended 1849.

Parties to

Although the code has abolished the distinction between legal and equitable remedies, it has not changed the inherent difference between legal and equitable relief. Fritz agt. Hepburn and others, 5 How. 188; McMaster et al. agt. Booth, 4 How. 427; Hill vs. McCarthy, 3 Code Rep. 49.

§ 70. [Sec. 63.] In such action, the party complaining an action, shall be known as the plaintiff, and the adverse party as the defendant.

nated.

Actions in

judgments

§71. [Sec. 64.] No action shall be brought upon a judgWhen and ment rendered in any court of this state, except a court of a justice of the peace, between the same parties, without

how to be brought.

Amended

1849.

leave of the court for good cause shown, on notice to the ad

verse party; and no action on a judgment rendered by a justice of the peace, shall be brought in the same county within five years after its rendition, except in case of his death, resignation, incapacity to act, or removal from the county, or that the process was not personally served on the defendant, or on all the defendants, or in case of the death of some of the parties, or where the docket or record of such judgment is or shall have been lost or destroyed.

A justice's judgment recovered before the code took effect, is not within the prohibition referred to in this section. McGuire vs. Gallagher, 2 Sand. 402.

sues abol

order for

trial substi

§72. [Sec. 65.] Feigned issues are abolished; and instead Feigned is thereof, in the cases where the power now exists to order a ished and feigned issue, or when a question of fact, not put in issue by tuted. the pleadings, is to be tried by a jury, an order for the trial may be made, stating, distinctly and plainly, the question of fact to be tried, and such order shall be the only authority necessary for a trial.

Feigned issues may still be ordered by the court in certain cases. Anonymous, 5 How. 306. See Supreme Court Rules, 71, 73, 74.

TITLE II.

Of the time of commencing civil actions.

CHAPTER I. Actions in general.

II. Actions for the recovery of real property.

III. Actions, other than for the recovery of real property.
IV. General provisions.

CHAPTER I.

The time of commencing actions in general.

SECTION 73. Repeal of existing limitations.
74. Time of commencing civil actions.

existing

Amended

§73. [Sec. 66.] The provisions contained in the chapter Repeal of of the Revised Statutes, entitled "Of actions and the times limitations. of commencing them," are repealed, and the provisions of 1949. this title are substituted in their stead. This title shall not extend to actions already commenced, or to cases where

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Time for existing

the right of action has already accrued; but the statutes now in force shall be applicable to such cases, according to the subject of the action, and without regard to the form..

The provisions of this section have no application to the 110th (90th) section infra. But if applicable, they do not change its construction, or prevent it from applying to a case where the right of action accrued, and the action was commenced after the code went into operation. Wadsworth vs. Thomas, 7 Barb. 445.

§ 74. [Sec. 67.] Civil actions can only be commenced within limitation. the periods prescribed in this title, after the cause of action shall

Amended

1949. have accrued, except where, in special cases, a different limitation is prescribed by statute, and in the cases mentioned in section seventy-three. But the objection that the action was not commenced within the time limited, can only be taken by an

When the people will

not sue.

Passed

1849.

swer.

CHAPTER II.

The time of commencing actions for the recovery of real property.

SECTION 75. When the people will not sue.

76. When action cannot be brought by grantee from the state.
77. When actions by the people or their grantees to be brought

within twenty years.

78. Seisin within twenty years, when necessary in action for real property.

79. Seisin within twenty years, when necessary in action or defence founded on title to or rents of real property.

80. Action must be commenced within one year after entry, or within twenty years after right of entry.

81. Possession when resumed.

title, unless adverse.

Occupation deemed under legal

82. Occupation under written instrument or judgment, when

deemed adverse.

83. What constitutes adverse possession, under written instrument or judgment.

84. Premises actually occupied, under claim of title, deemed to

be held adversely.

85. What constitutes adverse possession under claim of title

not written.

86. Relation of landlord and tenant, as affecting adverse possession. 87. Right of possession not affected by descent cast.

88. Certain disabilities excluded from time to commence actions.

§ 75. The people of this state will not sue any person for, or in respect to any real property, or the issues or

profits thereof, by reason of the right or title of the people to the same unless,

1. Such right or title shall have accrued within forty years before any action or other proceeding, for the same shall be commenced; or unless,

2. The people, or those from whom they claim, shall have received the rents and profits of such real property, or of some part thereof, within the space of forty years.

In action brought by the people of the state to recover real property, the defendant pleaded the fact that the people, or those from whom they claimed had not received the rents and profits of such real property, or of some part thereof, within the space of forty years, and such pleading held good. The People vs. William Arnold, manuscript opinion of Chief Justice Bronson.

tion cannot

by grantee

State.

§ 76. No action shall be brought for, or in respect to, when acreal property, by any person claiming by virtue of letters be brought patent, or grants from the people of this state, unless the from the same might have been commenced by the people as herein Passed specified, in case such patent or grant had not been issued or made.

1849.

tion by the

"their gran

within

years.

§ 77. When letters patent or grants of real property when acshall have been issued or made by the people of this state, people or and the same shall be declared void by the determination tees to be brought of a competent court, rendered upon an allegation of a twenty fraudulent suggestion, or concealment, or forfeiture or mis- Passed take, or ignorance of a material fact, or wrongful detaining, 1849. or defective title, in such case, an action for the recovery of the premises so conveyed, may be brought either by the people of this state, or by any subsequent patentee or grantee of the same premises, his heirs or assigns, within twenty years after such determination was made; but not after that period.

within

years,

cessary in

§ 78. No action for the recovery of real property, or for seisin the recovery of the possession thereof, shall be maintained twenty unless it appear that the plaintiff, his ancestor, predecessor when ne or grantor, was seised or possessed of the premises in ques-real pro tion, within twenty years before the commencement of such action.

action for

perty.

Passed

1849.

Seisin within twenty years, when ne

§79. No cause of action or defence to an action founded upon the title to real property, or to rents or services cessary in out of the same, shall be effectual, unless it appear that

action or

founded on

rents of

perty. Passed 1849.

defence the person prosecuting the action, or making the defence, title to or or under whose title the action is prosecuted or the defence is made, or the ancestor, predecessor or grantor of such person, was seised or possessed of the premises in question, within twenty years before the committing of the act in respect to which such action is prosecuted or defence made.

Action

must be commen

§ 80. No entry upon real estate shall be deemed sufced with- ficient, or valid as a claim, unless an action be commenced

in one year

after entry thereupon within one year after the making of such entry,

or within

twenty

years after right of

entry.

Passed

1849.

Possession when pre

and within twenty years from the time when the right to make such entry, descended or accrued.

§ 81. In every action for the recovery of real property, or the possession thereof, the person establishing a legal Occupation title to the premises, shall be presumed to have been pos

sumed.

deemed un

title, unless

Passed

der legal sessed thereof within the time required by law; and the adverse. occupation of such premises by any other person, shall be deemed to have been under and in subordination to the legal title, unless it appear that such premises have been held and possessed adversely to such legal title, for twenty years before the commencement of such action.

1849.

Occupa

written

instrument

ment,

deemed ad

verse.

§ 82. Whenever it shall appear that the occupant, or uon under those under whom he claims, entered into the possession or judg- of premises under claim of title, exclusive of any other when right, founding such claim upon a written instrument, as being a conveyance of the premises in question, or upon the decree or judgment of a competent court; and that there has been a continued occupation and possession of the premises included in such instrument, decree or judgment, or of some part of such premises, under such claim, for twenty years, the premises so included shall be deemed to have been held adversely, except that where the

Passed 1849.

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