RECENT LITERATURE

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS

The abstracts and bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of Louis Wirth, by Mrs. E. R. Rich, Mr. H. D. McKay, Mr. C. M. Rosenquist, Mr. P. E. Martin, and Miss Anna Marie Lainé, of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago.

Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the classification printed in the January number of this Journal.

I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON Emily Brontë: The Problem of Personality.-To confine our knowledge of an author to his works is to neglect sources which may help us to know him better. Thus the biographical facts concerning the life of Emily Brontë tell much that cannot be learned from her writings.-Augustus Ralli, The North American Review, CCXXI (March, 1925), 495-507. (I, 1; IX, 5.) C. M. R.

A Quantitative Demonstration of Animal Drive. Of the various drives, hunger is the most easily manipulated. Hunger-driven animals manifest about 60 per cent more restless activity than others, as measured in a modified maze.-J. F. Dashiell, Journal of Comparative Psychology, V (June, 1925), 205–8. (I, 2.)

H.D. M.

Psychoanalytic Studies.-The Nihilist instinct in man: The passion to destroy in order to drive away intolerable boredom is the master passion in the human brain. Death-dealing activities fascinate us. Inhuman nature: In war the cave man supplants the civilized man. War is the emancipation of the semi-civilized modern man from the restraints of conventional morality. Under the direction of the state he does what he could not otherwise do. Rational motives are not the propelling forces in man's conduct. He is dominated by his instincts, to which war gives expression. The cost of war is the penalty for man's vicious inheritance. The illusion of war is the great reality.-S. D. Schmalhausen, Psychoanalytic Review, XII (July, 1925), 295-315. (I, 2, 4; IX, 5.) H.D. M.

Instinct and Desire.-Instincts and desires are not, as McDougall charges, different in name only. Instincts are central factors, while desires are peripheral. Instincts are central dispositions of the nervous system; desires are processes or conditions in some tissue outside of the nervous system which stimulates or excites certain receptors. Knight Dunlap, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, XX (July, 1925), 170-73. (I, 2.) H.D. M.

Heredity and Evolution.-Life concepts have two aspects: heredity, and environment. The chromosome theory, representing the hereditary aspect, has grown to a great theory of life and evolution. It is the backbone concept of the biologist, though other factors or creative principles are also recognized. Environment has a dual influence; its commands being "Thou shalt" and "Thou shalt not."-William Patten, Scientific Monthly, XXI (August, 1925), 122–34. (I, 2.) C. M. R.

Anthropology and the Endocrine Glands.-The influence of glandular secretions on personality has been noted vaguely by various students. Recent careful examination has shown that no disease or disturbance of any glands of internal secretion occurs without corresponding and often striking change in personality. The facts yield two general laws: (1) Internal secretions are chemical substances; and (2) their influences are specific.-L. Berman, Scientific Monthly, XXI (August, 1925), 157-65. (I, 2, 4; VIII, 4.) C. M. R.

L'interpretation des faits matériels dans la methode de Durkheim.-The Interpretation of Material Forces in Durkheim's Method: According to Durkheim, social forces are spiritual, that is, representations, belonging to the collective conscience. But social life is expressed through material forces. Sociology is the study of these material forces. Social forces are of two distinct realities: phenomena which are real in themselves, and phenomena which are real in that which they manifest. The latter apply to collective life, but do not include the whole of collective life. Material factors are sometimes the expressions of single ideas. Material acts though accomplished frequently in one society, do not always express collective tendencies, because of the diversity of individual consciences. Durkheim's notion of collective conscience prevents his unbiased study of individual consciences in a psychological, and methodical way.-R. Lacombe, Revue Philosophique, L (May-June, 1925), 369-88. (I, 4; X, 1.) A. M. L.

Economic Psychology and the Value Problem.-The basic difficulty in economic theory is the philosophical problem of explanation of the part played by motive or desire in the determination of human behavior. Motives cannot be disregarded by the economist, since they produce wants and affect values.-Frank H. Knight, Quarterly Journal of Economics, XXXIX (May 1925), 372-409. (I, 4; VII, 1; X, 5.) C. M. R.

What is a Sin in College?-By asking students what they regard as bad practices and then asking them to rank a standardized list of bad practices in order of their badness, Dr. Brogan has secured an objective view of the moral valuations of students. These valuations have been found highly uniform in different parts of the country.-A. P. Brogan, Nation, CXX (May 20, 1925), 570-71. (I, 4; III, 6; VIII, 5.) C. M. R.

Psychology Revolts Against Atomism.-The Gestalt psychologists say that if we treat unities as primary and not as made up of lower elements synthesized by the mind we arrive at results nearer the facts of experience. The division of phenomena into sensations and single stimuli is artificial and robs them of their real character.George Humphry, New Republic, XLIII (July 29, 1925), 257–58. (I, 4; X, 1.)

H.D. M.

Analyzing Personality.-Studies of personality traits of Purdue University students show a tendency of traits to correlate to a fair degree with each other as well as with the total personality. General intelligence and personality show a high correlation. The popularity of an instructor depends upon the same qualities as popularity in general. In grading, instructors are not susceptible to the diplomatic endeavors of students.-G. C. Brandenburg, Journal of Applied Psychology, IX (June, 1925), 139–55. (I, 4; IX, 2.) H.D. M.

The Independence of Social Psychology. The group is a reality. Social phenomena cannot be predicted by studying individual psychology. Social psychology is justified because by means of it one is able to predict the action of groups or members of groups. Where individual differences, time, and place are unimportant, it is group attributes rather than individual attributes that determine human behavior.-W. D. Wallis, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, XX (July, 1925), 147-50. (I, 4; X, 2.) H.D. M.

The Psychology of Belief.-There is a marked tendency to idealize the rational principle and conceive it as the most valid belief determinant even if nonrational factors seem to outweigh it in creating belief attitudes. Students do not consider rational attitudes nearly so important in conditioning the beliefs of fellowstudents as in the cases of themselves. What the belief is depends to a large extent upon the side of the question first presented, and beliefs once formed are not willingly relinquished. Opinion and not belief is logically contrasted with knowledge. Belief as mental content is present throughout the scale of knowledge.-F. H. Lund, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, XX (July, 1925), 174–95. (I, 4.)

H.D. M.

Die Tafel der menschlichen Beziehungen.—A table of human relationships: It is one of the most difficult but at the same time one of the most necessary tasks in sociological methodology to obtain a degree of order and a general view of the manifold, varying and interlocking relationships and groupings that constitute social life. The first step in this direction is the identification of the most general inclusive processes which shall as nearly as possible be subject to mathematical calculation. These most general social processes from the sociological standpoint are: (1) relations of the conjunctive and inclusive order (toward and with another), binding man to man; (2) relations of the disjunctive and exclusive order (away from and without another), separating man from man. From these most general processes of contact and isolation or association and dissociation, which constitute the basic categories of sociological thought, we can derive various subprocesses and combinations thereof arranged in orderly fashion, which make up in their synthetic aspect the complex forms of human behavior and social life, and in their analytic aspects the tool-chest of the sociologist. In the table given the processes are expressed adverbially and are to be regarded merely as illustrative. The limitations of language present some difficulties, which, however, appear not insurmountable.-Leopold von Wiese, Kölner Vierteljahrshefte für Soziologie, III (Heft 4, 1924), 250-63. (I, 4; VII; IX, 1, 2.) L. W.

II. THE FAMILY

Vues sociologiques sur la famille et la parente d'après Durkheim.-Sociological Views on the Family and on Kinship according to Durkheim: According to Durkheim the family is not a natural grouping but a social institution. The clan which is the most primitive form is socially constituted. Kinship is not traced thru consanguinity, but is defined by some mystic principle, as that of totemism. Exogamy is ruled by totemism. Family regulations are social, not natural. Within clans there are no legal ties. Individual blood ties are not always overlooked; individual kinship exists. In the patriarchial family the link is the authority of the father. Male consanguinity exists. Ancient families are communistic. Individualism is promoted by modern marriage.-G. Davy, Revue Philosophic, L (July-August, 1925), 79-117 (II, 2.) A. M. L.

Unwanted-and Delinquent?-The delinquent cannot be explained merely in physical or mental terms. He is not self-made so much as he is group-made. For the young child the family group should be the most vital, affording him the most comfort and security and the best place for self-expression and fulfilment. The fact is, delinquent children are very often unwanted children. Where the child is denied legitimate satisfactions of comfort, security, and a place for self-expressional fulfilment, either because the parents are absorbed in their occupations or because of the size of the family, various forms of delinquency are likely to result.-Miriam Van Waters, Survey, LIV (May 15, 1925), 228–29. (I, 3; II, 3; VIII, 1.) E. R. R.

III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS

Primitive Mentality and the Racial Unconscious. The concept of the unconscious should be extended to include a racial as well as an individual unconscious. Portions of present-day language, customs, etc., which are survivals of primitive life may be considered as expressions of the racial unconscious rather than as material learned by the child from the parent. An example of this is the expression "fourscore" which goes back to the primitive method of counting by fingers and toes.— William A. White, American Journal of Psychiatry, IV (April, 1925), 663-70. (III, 1.) E. R. R.

Proof of Man's Cultural Evolution.-The remains of the Old Stone Age in Europe present evidence of a cultural evolution paralleling the organic. Eolithic culture produced primary tools; the Neanderthalians of the Middle Paleolithic Period added but little. It remained for the Upper Paleolithic Cro-Magnon races to inaugurate the era of secondary and tertiary implements.-George Grant MacCurdy, Scientific Monthly, XXI (August, 1925), 138-40. (III, 1, 3.) C. M. R.

The Problem of Language.-Language creates experience as well as reflecting it. People with the same language share not only what it denotes, but also the richer elements, the connotations, which represent the accretions of national and cultural experience. These factors cause each nation to consider language its inalienable possession. For the same reason it is attacked by those who wish to crush out the spirit of a people. The revolt against domination and the rise of democracy are two reasons for the recent appearance of many languages almost forgotten. This differentiation of language is taking place in direct opposition to the trend toward uniformity in other fields. The spiritual liberation through new tongues may mean, however, a new type of union.-F. V. Keys, North American Review, CCXXI (June-JulyAugust, 1925), 701-12. (I, 4; III, 2.) H.D. M.

What is Civilization? VII-The Answer of Ancient America.-Civilization is frequently held to be the achievement of Europeans alone. But it must be remembered that the ancient Americans also had a civilization and contributed heavily to ours, notably in agriculture, through such plants as cotton, corn, rubber, and potatoes.-H. J. Spinden, Forum, LXXIV (August, 1925), 162–71. (III, 3.) C. M. R.

Les races d'extrème Orient; leurs caractères morphologiques et psycho-sociologiques.-The Races of the Extreme Orient; Their Morphological and PsychoSociological Characteristics: The somatic characteristics of the Chinese may be grouped under two types; the Aryan, probably derived from the Hun, and the Negroid type. They are characterized by inability to analyze, generalize, and to systematize. They lack sympathy, antipathy, and firm conviction. Their history is simply a chronicle; their art, an imitation of Western Asia. They have no political unity and little capacity for scientific and economic development. Their educational system does not stimulate independent thinking, nor creative ability. China is resting on past civilizations, and these were borrowed from Western Asia.-A. F. Legendre, Revue Anthropologique, XXXV (April-June, 1925), 97–119. (I, 2; III, 3, 6.) A. M. L.

La colonization rural par les français.-Rural Colonization by the French: The crisis in the French rural conditions was caused by the high death rate and the migration of the rural population to already congested centers during the war. In these deserted regions land values have gone down and an inferior foreign element has been introduced. The solution to the problem would lie in introducing people from Brittany, Flanders, and Alsace-Lorraine.-André Bouton, Journal des Economistes, LXXXIV (June, 1925), 270-78 (III, 4.) A. M. L.

Seeing a State Whole.-The first industrial expansion of New York State involved several hundred small industrial towns. With the advent of the trunk-line railroads, growth became limited to the cities along the main lines. The recently created Housing and Regional Planning Commission is trying to provide for a statewide development by the more intelligent and more general use of areas favorable for agriculture and industry.-Alfred E. Smith, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 158-60. (III, 4; VII, 1.) E. R. R.

The Fourth Migration. In the development of America there have been three migratory waves. They overlapped in time to a great extent, but nevertheless they represent distinct movements. First came the great westward surge, which cleared and peopled the continent, and which is symbolized by the covered wagon. Then, with the great industrial expansion, there was a movement to the factory towns. As the first expansion had wasted natural resources, so this industrial trend wasted human material and herded workers under conditions unfit for habitation. The third migration was dictated by financial and mercantile needs and drained the population and resources from the smaller towns to a few metropolitan centers. Today, the great technical advances in the field of communications—automobile, truck, telephone, and radio-are leading to a decentralization, the fourth migration. This movement is just starting and presents an opportunity for us to lead it into new channels where the harmful and humanly wasteful features of the past shall be avoided.-Lewis Mumford, The Survey, LIV (May 1, 1925), 130-33. (III, 4; V,

2,3.)

E. R. R.

The New Immigration Law and its Operation.-The main provisions of the Immigration Act of 1924 are: (1) limitations of numbers and allotment of quotas, (2) preliminary selection overseas, and (3) provisions based on humanitarian motives. The first two provisions have had an excellent effect; the third has met with criticism and adverse propaganda. Additional legislation needed includes registration of aliens.-Robert De C. Ward, Scientific Monthly, XXI (July, 1925), 45–53. (III, 4.) C. M. R.

Le Problème de la Population au Canada.-The population problem of Canada: Emigration of French Canadians has been due mainly to increased costs of living without proportionate increases in wages, to the heavy war taxes, and to the extreme rise in living costs during the winter season. Immigration has been equal to emigration neither in quality nor in quantity. The Canadian government's efforts to encourage English immigration had better be directed to keeping and encouraging the return of French Canadians. To this end several proposals are made.-Georges Tricoche, La Réforme Sociale, XLV (March, 1925), 144-53. (III, 4.) A. M. L.

Le cannibalisme, ses causes et ses modalités.-Cannibalism, its causes and forms: The causes of cannibalism are need, imitation, and religious practices. It is found frequently in times of extreme want, as during war, during periodic intervals of scarcity among hunting and nomadic peoples, during prolonged periods of need in regions affording but little food, and almost continuously where the absence of nutritive food is persistent. In the latter instance, prisoners of war, the feebler portion of the population, and those raised for the specific purpose of religious sacrifice are the victims.-Paul Descamps, L'Anthropologie, XXXV (July, 1925), 321-44. (LII, 6.) A. M. L.

Convention et Raison.-Convention and reason: Convention is based on a series of antecedent material and psychological phenomena constituting reasons for actions. The conditions regulating coherent logic are at the summit of the hierarchy of conventions. To destroy conventions is to destroy order. Universal progress is based on the power to conventionalize. The task of present-day life is to formulate a philosophy of stability, which, while holding reason free from the immutability of the classics, assures the authority of our august conventions.-E. Dupréel, Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale, XXXII (July-September, 1925), 283-310. (III, 6.)

A. M. L.

Indices d'évolution sociale lente et sporadique en Corse.-Indications of Slow and Sporadic Evolution in Corsica: Though the traditional clan element still persists in Corsica, one finds individualism becoming more common especially among the border and urban peoples. The nature of crime and the criminal has changed; the people are engaging in new professions; time-honored nomadism is being replaced by a more stable condition of life; cultivation of land has become more remunerative; and a greater variety of animals are being domesticated and used. J. H. Probst, Revue Internationale de Sociologie, XXXIII (March-April, 1925), 176–83. (III, 6, 3, 1.) A. M. L.

Civilisation and Morals.-There is little evidence for a pre-religious morality, but no doubt of the existence of a post-religious ethical code. In modern society the great majority follow a mixed code of morality consisting of individual ambition, group-egotism, left-over taboos, and a few ideals from new rational interpretations. Moral codes vary widely with time and place, but all are linked with conception of reality. The new comprehension of reality has led to elaboration of scientific laws.Christopher Dawson, Sociological Rèview, XVII (July, 1925), 174–81. (III, 6.)

IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS

C. M. R.

Let Race Alone.—Why try to make classifications between the different races and set one up above the other when as much classification can be made within the different races themselves? The reasonable man will do his best to act courteously