student an easy introduction to a further study of the same topic. When it happens, as in this case, that a scholar is able to present the results of his wide research in the form of a simple and interesting narrative, the result is indeed a welcome addition to our sources of knowledge. Most persons who read this little work of Carr-Saunders, even though they were acquainted with his more exhaustive and scholarly work on the same topic, would realize the human interest of this study, and the importance which statistics of population have come to have in human affairs in recent years. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ROBERT E. PARK An Evaluation of the System of Central Financial Control of Research in State Governments. By LEONARD D. WHITE. Bulletin of the National Research Council, Vol. IX, Part II; No. 49. Washington: Published by the Council, 1924. Pp. 134. $1.25. One of the interesting phases of the recent development of scientific research is the amount of attention which is being devoted to the study of research methods, and of the conditions affecting the progress of research. Contemporary students of the social sciences will be interested in Professor White's study of the effect of certain recent developments in state government upon the volume and quality of research which governmental agencies and institutions in those states are able to carry out. A considerable volume of statistical and other evidence has been collected; the material is for the most part intelligibly presented; and the author's conclusions are clearly but moderately stated. The study as a whole might be described as a significant chapter in the contemporary history of sci ence. FLOYD N. HOUSE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO The Catholic Reaction in France. By DENIS GWYNN. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1924. Pp. xii+186. $1.75. This little book is a "frankly journalistic attempt to present from the point of view of a foreign but sympathetic observer a fairly intelligible account of the most important phases of the Catholic movement in France since the war." The Catholic movement is, from the political point of view, a reaction, but from the point of view of the Catholic church and of religion in France it is a revival. The most interesting chapters in the volume are those describing the Catholic press, the Catholic trade unions, and the relation of the church to the menace of depopulation. The decline of the birth rate has been even greater since than before the war, when it was nearly stationary. However, there is a noticeable difference in the regions that are strongly Catholic as compared with the regions where large portions of the population are anti-clerical. ROBERT E. PARK UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Citizenship. By MILTON BENNION. Yonkers-on-Hudson and Chicago: World Book Co., 1925. Pp. xviii+219. $1.40. This little book deals with the social and ethical principles of citizenship. In the language of the author its purpose is "to stimulate appreciation of ethical principles and the development of worthy social ideals and to indicate how these ideals may find expression." In plain and simple language this purpose is unfolded. The material is divided proportionately into two parts: first, the nature of society and social problems, and, second, the social and ethical obligations of the individual as a member of society. There is an Introduction by Professor Snedden and a series of lesson outlines on "Things to Observe," "Things to Do," and "Problems." The book is adapted for a course in social and ethical foundations in high school and nationalization classes. It is lacking in college scope. The author's views on the community church are unacceptable to fundamentalists. THIEL COLLEGE W. CLINTON HEFFNER RECENT LITERATURE NOTES AND ABSTRACTS The abstracts and bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of Louis Wirth, by Mrs. E. R. Rich, Mr. H. D. McKay, Mr. C. M. Rosenquist, and Mr. P. E. Martin, of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago. Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the classification printed in the January number of this Journal. I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON The Relation of Orthopedics to Personality.-A deformity or an injury presents personality problems. Life in all its aspects, including intellectual action, emotional stability, and social equilibrium, is affected. Much antisocial activity is the result of physical handicaps. It is the function of orthopedics to straighten deformities. The problem includes personality as well as bones and joints. Every injury or deformity involves adjustment. The success of the adjustment depends upon the type of attitudes developed in the treatment.-Ira S. Wile, Journal of the American Medical Association, CXXXIV (May 30, 1925), 1623–27. (I, 4; VIII, 1, 3, 4.) H.D. M. The Race Myth Crumbles.-Race myths are based on pseudo-history. Scholars show that the Aryan race never existed; that our civilization is not the result of the Nordics; and that our own variant, the "Anglo-Saxon Myth" has no physical or cultural basis. A theory of racial determination of history is made impossible by racial mixture.-H. E. Barnes, Nation, CXX (May 6, 1925), 515–517. (I, 2; IV, 2.) II. THE FAMILY H.D. M. Should Divorce Cases be Reported?-Discussion of a bill before Parliament to restrict publication of reports of judicial proceedings. It is suggested that a judge be empowered to close the court or prohibit the publication of evidence in the interests of decency, morality, humanity, or justice, and that publication of proceedings be prohibited until the case is concluded.-J. Hall Richardson, Fortnightly Review, CXVII (June, 1925), 813-20. (II, 3; VI, 5; VII, 3.) P. E. M. The Progress of the Family Allowance Movement.-The family allowance movement has recently made rapid progress in France, England and Germany, but it has lost ground in Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. One of the fundamental problems to be solved is whether the allowance should be paid by the government or by industrial organizations.-P. H. Douglas, Quarterly Journal of Economics, XXXIV (May, 1925), 476–82. (II, 3; VII, 1.) H.D. M. III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS The Use of the Median as a Minimum Requirement for International Migration.-Public opinion is convinced that immigration should be greatly restricted and on some selective plan. The median of our own population can be used as a minimum standard so that immigration can improve the race. The tests given are physical, mental, and educational. By this method we would admit individuals superior to our median as obvious assets, and exclude those inferior to our median, who would lower the quality of our stock.-Roswell H. Johnson, Scientific Monthly, XX (March, 1925), 254-57. (III, 4; VIII, 2.) P.T.D. De Forenede Staters indvandringspolitik.-The Immigration Policy of the United States. If the operation of the immigration laws of the United States succeeds in improving the racial quality of Americans, a corresponding deterioration will necessarily take place in Europe. But no improvement has as yet been observed in America nor, so far as the Scandinavian countries are concerned, has any deterioration occurred.-Søren Hanson, Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift, LXII (2det Hefte, 1924), 157–71. (III, 4.) C. M. R. The Meaning of Nationality in the Recent Immigration Acts.-The Immigration Act of 1921 so ambiguously defined nationality that the courts could not agree as to the entrance eligibility of persons from countries lumped together by the 1910 Census as "other Europe" and "other Asia." The Act of 1924 provides for estimates of small nationalities as a basis for fixing quotas.-Edwin D. Dickinson, American Journal of International Law, XIX (April, 1925), 344-47. (III, 4.) C. M. R. India's Social Revolution.-Under the leadership of Gandhi, India is undergoing a profound social revolution. The differences of caste and of religion are being thrown aside. Gandhi is insisting upon a self purification of India, with the establishment of equality within the nation before it can demand equality from the British. Dhan Gopal Mukerji, American Review, II (May-June, 1924), 279-82. (III, 5; IV, 2, 3, 4; VII, 3, 4.) E. R. R. Liberia after the World-War.-Liberia is emerging from the difficulties occasioned by the war. She is progressing in meeting the foreign debt, making necessary improvements, and in recovering German trade. Control over the interior is a serious problem, but with firm, just treatment and education, greater co-operation is secured from the natives.-Frederick Starr, Journal of Negro History, X (April, 1925), 113-30. (III, 5; IV, 2.) P.E. M. Exodus and Iliad in Ancient America.—This is a brief description of Mayan civilization, tracing the story of this race for 1,500 years through its two periods of great brilliance to its final decline. Samuel K. Lothrop, Independent, CXIV (January 10, 1925), 39–40. (III, 3; IV, 2.) P.E. M. The Origins of American Man.-Some writers support the theory of independent origin of man in America. The majority of anthropologists, however, believe in the Asiatic origin of the American Indian, but do not deny the possibility of immigration from other places. Cultural affinities show evidence of Mediterranean penetration, as well as of contacts with southern Asia and Polynesia. Lately the possibility of Irish and Welsh settlements have been given more consideration. Probably there were many immigrations from these sources during the ages.-L. Spence, Quarterly Review, 244 (April, 1925), 299–316. (III, 1, 3, 4; V, 4.) H.D. M. IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS Can There Be a "Human Race?"-The Mongol, the Indian, the Arab, and the Negro have all made great contributions to the sum of human achievement. Our only distinctive contribution is science and its developments, and it is readily adopted by the others. In this group of races equal mental capacity cannot be doubted.-A. Goldenweiser, Nation, CXX (April 22, 1925), 462–63. (IV, 2; I, 2.) H.D. M. The Tropics in New York.-Within Harlem's seventy or eighty blocks we find all the negro cultures of the world coming into contact with one another and being forced into some form of segregation. Most important of the various types are the negroes from the West Indies. Like the Jews they are forever launching out in business and it is among them that we find many of the recognized leaders of the negro world.-W. A. Domingo, Survey, LIII (March 1, 1925), 648-50. (IV, 2.) P.T.D. The Harvest of Race Prejudice.-Segregation is the outer embodiment of the inner feeling of the white race. The most gigantic instance of racial segregation in the United States is seen in Harlem, where 200,000 negroes are shut in segregated areas. The accentuation of race consciousness on the part of the negro has resulted. If the negroes were indiscriminately interspersed among the white population of New York, race consciousness would weaken to the point of disappearance. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Urban League are attempting to secure racial equality.—Kelly Miller, Survey, LIII (March 1, 1925), 682-83. (IV, 2.) P.T.D. Black Workers and the City.—The negro by tradition, and probably by temperament, is agricultural. To this economy his mental and social habits have been adjusted. Today the city negro is in a process of evolution. Formerly the negro was found in the jobs that lead to nothing beyond the merit of long and faithful service. New positions in industry have been opened up and gradually negro men, at least, are abandoning personal service for the greater pay of industrial work. Slowly the negroes are becoming skilled and organized. It is not improbable that in industry and in the life of the city the black workers will compensate in utility and progressiveness for what they lack in numbers and traditions.-Charles S. Johnson, Survey, III (March 1, 1925), 641-43. (IV, 2; VII, 2.) P.T. D. The Making of Harlem.-Negro Harlem is practically a development of the last decade. The negro movement to Harlem in New York City began in 1900 and was the result of the opportunity to get into newer and better houses. "Buy property" was the cry and today Harlem is a city within a city. It consists of twenty-five solid city blocks on Manhattan with a negro population of 175,000. It is here in Harlem that the negro's advantages and opportunities are greater than in any other place in the country.-James W. Johnson, Survey, LIII (March 1, 1925), 635-39. (IV, 2; V, 2.) P.T.D. Employee Representation.-Of all the forms of universal conflict, none is more vital than the economic conflict, more particularly that aspect of it observed at the centers of the productive processes-the conflict between employers and employees. Today, power with increasing momentum is passing from the few to the many. The employee representation movement is passing from the experimental stage into the stage of constructive accomplishments. Both employers and workers now subscribe to co-operative plans and much is accomplished by councils, unions and other forms of employee representation and co-operative agencies. Most sincere employers believe that employee representation is the best and most helpful medium by which disputes can be settled.-Henry C. Metcalf, Scientific Monthly, XX (March, 1925), 269-78. (IV, 1.) P.T.D. Tvungen voldgift i arbejdstridigheder i New Zealand og Australien.-Compulsory arbitration of labor disputes in New Zealand and Australia. Compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, formerly so successful in New Zealand and Australia, has met with much criticism recently. Employees claim arbitration fails under a condition of falling prices because it interferes with reduction of wages. Some changes in the laws have already been made and it is predicted that others will follow.-H. Høst, Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift, LXI (1923), 280–94. (IV, 1; VII, 1.) C. M. R. They or We? This article pleads for legislation to aid the members of the working population, who because of long hours, underpay, monotonous occupations, seasonal unemployment and the continual fear of losing their jobs, are sinking to a less than human status.-Olive A. Colton, Scribner's, LXXVII (May, 1925), 535-43. (IV, 1; VI, 5; VII, 1.) C. M. R. The Last Taboo.-The growing political importance of the negro necessitates facing and deciding the questions of race difference, since social equality is the in |