The major portion of the book is concerned with a well-balanced discussion of the merry old theme of instinct. There is little specially new in it for the sociologist, and that little has probably been replaced by Bernard's new book. Perhaps it might have spoiled the author's style, but at least a passing acquaintance with the great body of sociological writing in the United States and Europe would have been desirable before undertaking to write upon so large an order as the basis of social-that is, sociological theory. A broader acquaintance with our Fach might have made the author chary of heralding as a wonderful discovery the patent truism that progress depends upon a more adequate body of social science, which in turn must depend upon a more adequate science of human nature, which is in turn the call to being for social psychology.

CHICAGO

ARTHUR J. TODD

The Medicine Man. BY JOHN LEE MADDOX. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1923. Pp. xv+330. $2.25.

The purpose of this essay in ethnography is, in the author's words, "to set forth an accurate account of the greatest and most romantic figure of savage life, with the intent of showing that man, wherever found, as regards religious sentiments and customs, reacts in a similar manner against his environment." In a very substantial way it is therefore a chapter in the great-man theory of social development. From another standpoint it is a rich detail in the study of progress from magic to science. The author's attitude is distinctly sympathetic to his subject. For that reason he disposes of the element of quackery in medicine men, expresses thorough belief in their curative powers, and cites many examples of extraordinary cures. While conceding that the shaman is a parasite, he sets down the evidence that the shaman also produces indirectly and importantly. Why should he not, since the medicine man sums up in himself the various functions of prophet, priest, king, rain-maker, healer, detective, mediator with spirits? While the author has not the equipment which made it possible for Bartels to turn out his great work on the medicine of primitive peoples, yet his anthropological training enabled him to handle certain social aspects of the problem as Bartels could not. Hence, the chapter on the origin of herbal remedies and other medicines has a sociological as well as medical significance.

The weakest part of the book is its generalizations. Throughout, the book has the Sumnerian vocabulary and is based upon the familiar luckdream-ghost theory. The author is almost obsessed by the ghost theory.

Spencer is still good reading, of course, but it would seem a little too thick to have his Principles of Sociology quoted page after page in a chapter of conclusions which should have been deduced from the preceding chapters of detailed evidence, or not at all.

The great bulk of the book is in excellent scientific spirit and is a real contribution. Dr. Maddox is right in his enthusiasm for the contributions of the medicine man in social evolution, but he must beware of making his "great man" the whole show.

CHICAGO

ARTHUR J. TODD

Racial Realities in Europe. By LOTHROP STODDARD. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1924. Pp. 252. $3.00.

This latest expression of the uneasiness of the old white stock consists of ten essays prepared for the Saturday Evening Post. The point of view has become familiar. "The relative strength and importance of the different racial elements in a nation will largely determine every phase of that nation's life, from its manners, customs, and ideals to its government and its relation with other nations" (p. 8). Each of the nations of Europe is successively interpreted by this formula. Little is added, however, to the earlier book of Madison Grant. This book does not contain the new materials which helped to make interesting Stoddard's earlier volumes.

ROBERT REDFIELD

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

A CORRECTION

Economics of Fatigue and Unrest. By P. SARGENT FLORENCE. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1924. Pp. vii+426. $5.00.

The price of this book was incorrectly given as $2.25 in the March number of the Journal, and it is hereby corrected.

RECENT LITERATURE

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS

The abstracts and bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of D. E. Proctor, by P. T. Diefenderfer, P. P. Denune, C. W. Hayes, E. L. Setterlund, and Mrs. E. R. Rich, of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago. Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the classification printed in the January number of the Journal.

I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON

Diversions of a Lost Soul.-William Cowper was constantly obsessed by a delusion of personal damnation. His literary activities are best understood as attempts to forget this obsession.-Gamaliel Bradford, Atlantic Monthly, CXXXIV (September, 1924), 361–70. (I, 1.) E. R. R.

The Contemporary Theory of Instinct. The difficulty with McDougall's theory of instincts is that he considers the instincts as psychological dispositions which are prompted to activity by appropriate stimulus and again are spoken of as a mental force which is native of the mind. But there are no instincts which prompt action. We cannot separate the inherited from the acquired activities, since we cannot separate the organism from the environment. Sex and nutrition have greatly influenced human behavior, but so has all the world of external nature. Since there are no repressed instincts to be liberated, the cause of social unrest is due to the suppression of numerous activities, while the causing stimuli are permitted to operate without restraint.-B. M. Laing, The Monist, XXXV (January, 1925), 49-69. (I, 2, 4.) E. L. S.

The Oral Complex.—The oral complex is defined as the "unconscious system of experience pertaining quite closely to the mouth and its appendages." The author discusses oral behavior in infants, stressing the importance of visual impressions of feeding, "consisting of experience, visual, kinesthetic, and tactile," in which an experience is structuralized into a "complex-image" held together by a powerful satisfaction feeling. The writer believes that great sections of adult thought can be interpreted as related more to complex-images from this "unconscious structure" than to logical conceptualization.-Harry S. Sullivan, The Psychoanalytic Review, XII (January, 1925), 30–38. (I, 3.) E. L. S.

Some Emotional Problems Seen in the Superior Child.-Two cases are cited, one in grade school and the other in high school, of undue emphasis of the intellectual aspect of the child's life which proved detrimental to its adjustment to the everyday life of contacts with both the play and study groups. Mental hygienists and educators must realize that even in the case of superior individuals, intellect without normal emotional and physical organization is essentially unproductive in the social sense.-Marion E. Kenworthy, American Journal of Psychiatry, IV (January, 1925), 490-98. (I, 3.) E. L. S.

Educating the Gifted Child.-The possession of a brilliant intellect and a high I.Q. does not always mean that the child will be a successful leader or will have the strongest character traits. The gifted child has had every attention except upon the side of personality. This phase of his training should be given careful consideration, so that he may not be self-centered but shall learn to labor for mankind.-Anna Gillingham, American Review, I (July-August, 1923), 401-12. (I, 3.) E. R. R.

The Welfare of Children in Bituminous Coal-Mining Communities in West Virginia.—This study of the welfare of children in eleven representative bituminous coal-mining communities includes a schedule study of the homes, an inquiry into community conditions, a brief survey of school facilities, an inquiry into conditions among miners' families living outside of mining communities. In all, 645 families (with 1,965 children) were interviewed.-Nettie P. McGill, United States Department of Labor, Children's Bureau (1923). (I, 3; VIII, 3; IX, 3.)

C. W. H.

Three Fundamental Errors of Behaviorists and the Reconciliation of the Purposive and Mechanistic Concepts.-One fundamental error of the behaviorists is the denial of consciousness as a cause of bodily reactions. Any psychology that ignores consciousness as a cause of our actions will be considered nonsense by the common people. A second error is the attempt completely to explain behavior in terms of correlated neural and other bodily processes alone. The third error is confining experimentation to the objective method only. According to Prince, consciousness is the reality of a particular portion of energy: the unknowable of physics, and the brain processes of the physiologist "from within." These are two aspects of one process. They may be said to be modes in which the conscious process is ideally apprehended by a second organism. When we think in terms of mind, we must think in terms of will and purpose; when in terms of physiology, in terms of mechanism and reflexes. Consciousness is the real thing, while mechanistic purposes are but symbols of the real. Since we know practically nothing about brain processes, we are compelled to explain casual antecedents of behavior in terms of mind, will, and purpose, and not of reflexes.-Morton Prince, Pedagogical Seminary, XXXII (March, 1925), 143-65. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Genesis of the Self and Social Control.-Social groups have arisen both with invertebrates and vertebrates. Among invertebrates, individual acts are completed not only through other individuals, but also through the physiological differentiation of members of its society. Among vertebrates there is little physiological differentiation, and social co-operation must come through identification which makes common action realized. The social act is restricted to the class of acts which involve the co-operation of more than one individual. The objective of the social act is found in the life-process of the group, and not in separate individuals. Social control depends upon the degree to which the individuals in society are able to assume the attitudes of others who are involved with them in common endeavor. If people can enter into each others' lives they will inevitably have a common object which will control their common conduct. This task involves not merely the breaking down of passive barriers of distance and space, but those fixed attitudes of custom and status in which the self is imbedded.-George H. Mead, International Journal of Ethics, XXXV (April, 1925), 251-77. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Meaning of Value.-The only intelligent discussion of value as such is the "essential" question-the question of how values come to be, that is, how things come to possess the quality of value. "Liking," as an indispensable ingredient, or constituent, in those situations which have a value quality. Furthermore, "thought" is involved in the attitude of the subject in the situation in which value occurs as a quality. By "thought" is meant "a recognition of meaning"; and in meaning is implied reference beyond the present or immediate state, a reference to something ulterior or eventually to something which, being outside the immediate state and yet implied in it, may be called, in the logical sense at least, "objective." Mere blind impulsive "liking" must be distinguished from a thoughtful liking which allows for the education and cultivation of taste factors in the value-situation.-John Dewey, Journal of Philosophy, XXII (February 26, 1925), 126–33. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Mechanism of the Psychoneuroses.-While psychoneurosis is a functional disturbance, not all functional disorders should be called psychoneuroses, since the nervous system may be affected by mechanical or chemical agencies. There is a third agency affecting the functions of the nervous system which is psychological. It

has to do with sensations and perceptions, and with the ideas and notions which are derived from them. The measures for dealing with it are not mechanical nor chemical, but psychological. The genesis of the psychoneurosis is to be found in an emotional attitude which "disadapts the patient's happy response to surroundings.”Tom A. Williams, American Journal of Psychiatry, IV (January, 1925), 431-41. (I, 4.) E. L. S.

The Sense of Society.-Nowhere do individuals live separately. Humanity as a society is a building, not a heap of stones. Society is divided everywhere into scales-higher and lower. Gradation is found in the homes, schools, states, and most of all in individuals, where specialization has occurred. If the individual serves society, society develops the individual, and more particularly brings out the special individual who can best help society to achieve its ends or can best voice what it wishes to express. While the individual gives himself for his home, his country, and mankind, he is also imbued with the spirit of the universe and impelled to act in accordance with it. There is no actual brotherhood, but there is a close, intense affinity, and it is this that binds nations together in a society of nations.-Francis Younghusband, The Sociological Review, XVII (January, 1925), 1–13. (I, 4.)

P.T.D.

A Relative Concept of Consciousness.-When we neglect to take account of the "organic mass-consciousness of man," to which the personal systems of men, single and collective, are but relative, we fail to reckon with a significant dimension entering the discrimination of the subjective life of man. There is need to recognize that in the sphere of consciousness, as in the realm of physics, it is in the kinetic dimension-comprising the organic participation and inclusiveness of life itselfwhich actuates the other three dimensions, and which, in uniting all, embodies the relativity of consciousness as an organic reality.-Trigant Burrow, The Psychoanalytic Review, XII (January, 1925), 1–15. (I, 4; 2.) E. L. S.

Personality and Culture.-Man's biological equipment is practically constant, but culture is an actively varying factor. American anthropologists emphasize the cultural phases of personality development, whereas the psychologists tend to stress the physiological. Since about 80 per cent of the neuroses and psychoses are of a functional-non-physiological-nature, and in consideration of the inadequacy of psycho-biological explanations of personality, it would seem expedient for the psychologist to shift his emphasis from the physiological to the cultural or situational factors, as the more dynamic sociologists are trying to do.-Leslie A. White, The Open Court, XXXIX (March, 1925), 145-49. (I, 4; 2.) E. L. S.

II. THE FAMILY

Women in Missouri Industries.-A survey of hours and wages for women in industry during the months of May and June, 1922, in 22 cities and towns, including all but two of the cities in the state which showed a population of 10,000 or more in the 1920 census. Information was secured from pay-rolls and managements of 174 establishments employing 17,939 women.-Caroline Manning, Ruth I. Voris, Elizabeth A. Hyde, United States Department of Labor, Bulletin of the Women's Bureau No. 35 (1924). (II, 3.) C. W. H..

Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations.-An account is presented of the Domestic Efficiency Association of Baltimore, which was organized in September, 1921, for the purpose of putting domestic service on a better and more standardized basis. There is a detailed study of the records of this association.-Mary E. Robinson, United States Department of Labor, Bulletin of the Women's Bureau No. 39 (1924). (II, 3.) C. W. H.

The First Report on Marriage Statistics in New York State (Exclusive of New York City) for the Three Years, 1916, 1917, 1918 Combined, and for the Year 1919.-Nineteen tables are presented indicating facts of age, color, country of birth, previous conjugal condition, divorce, residence of the bride and groom, for marriages in these years.-Otto R. Eichel, Division of Vital Statistics, New York State Department of Health (March 1, 1921). (II, 3.) C. W. H.