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science and technology among them, particularly in connection with the production and processing of their raw materials and other primary products.

14.
In this connection the Conference invites the govern-
ments of developing countries to encourage the foundation of
multinational institutions to facilitate active co-operation
in research which developed countries have no interest in
undertaking or communicating; and at the same time to study
ways and means of strengthening their bargaining power in the
market for patents and licences which is characterized by
oligopolistic practices on a large scale. A group of experts
might usefully examine the expediency and modalities for
setting up a joint purchasing agency for buying techniques
on better terms and also a multinational centre of technology
to acquire technical know-how and put it at the disposal
of national users at the lowest possible cost.

15. (45 bis) It also invites them to promote the establishment
of national, regional, and interregional shipping companies
which can compete with those of developed countries and
with the fleets of transnational corporations, so as to
promote the expansion of trade between developing countries,

to bring foreign trade under the control of national institutions, and to improve the export earnings of developing countries. (46) The Conference:

16.

(1)

Invites the developing countries which produce and export these products to grant favourable terms of payment to the least developed among them.

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(2) Invites the developing countries with surplus means of payment and importing foodstuffs to invest in the agricultural and stockraising programmes of the less developed countries on the basis of appropriate guarantees.

(3) Invites these same countries to exploit and put to use the non-exhaustible energy resources of the developing countries. (4) Decides to create a permanent committee for technical aid which will be responsible for transferring technical know-how from the developing countries to the less-developed countries. (5) Decides to convene an intergovernmental group of experts attached to the Bureau of non-aligned countries in order to implement a wider programme of action in favour of the less advanced developing countries in preparation for the United Nations Special Session in September.

The Conference,

STRONGLY REQUESTS the international community to take urgent measures to increase the import and export capacity of landlocked countries and to compensate for the disadvantages of the geographical situation of these countries, particularly in respect of transportation and transit costs in order to increase their trade possibilities.

STRONGLY REQUESTS the General Assembly to decide on the creation of a special fund in favour of the landlocked developing countries, in order to compensate for the damage caused to them by the increased transportation and transit costs.

INVITES the governments of the developing countries to elaborate and take concrete and specific steps in order to

assist the land-locked developing countries in their development efforts and in their international trading policy.

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REQUESTS developing countries with balance of payments surpluses to assist land-locked developing countries:

(a) to develop their national production capacity with regard to food produce and other resources, and

(b) to exploit and utilize non-depletable sources of energy which would not only contribute to the development of the countries concerned but would also be of direct assistance in the conservation of depletable sources of energy in the developing countries with balance of payments surpluses.

RECOMMENDS that all developing countries be included on the list of beneficiaries of the United Nations Special Relief Programme adopted at the Sixth Special Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.

47. The Conference, reaffirming that the developing countries must display a political determination, in view of the increasing interdependence of international relations, which will enable the international community to apply the principles of the New York Declaration and Programme of Action approved by the Sixth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly, referring in particular to the work of UNCTAD and other international bodies:

RECOGNIZING THAT:

1. The developing countries have the right to establish a diversified, integrated and independent national economy by building a national industry based on their own resources and raw materials, exercising political sovereignty and in the spirit of self-confidence by mobilizing and organizing the forces of their working peoples and providing agriculture with modern technical equipment;

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AND CONSIDERING THAT:

2. Mutual co-operation between the developing countries and, inter alia, the economic and technical co-operation granted by developed countries to the developing countries must be such as to assist the countries which enjoy such co-operation to reinforce national economic independence:

A. Over-all integrated programme on commodities

1.

Integrated Programme relating to commodities

48. Invites all Governments to co-operate in the elaboration and implementation, before the fourth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, of an over-all integrated programme for commodities consisting inter alia of the following elements:

(a) The establishment of international stocking and market

intervention arrangements to support prices at remunerative and just levels for a comprehensive range of commodities of export interest to developing countries. Stocking operations could be organized on a multi-commodity basis whereby a central agency would buy and sell stocks of a number of commodities in accordance with agreed criteria on operations, or on the basis of individual commodities, as appropriate depending on policies agreed to by producing countries or producing and consuming countries together.

(b) The creation of an agency or fund for the financing of stocking and market intervention arrangements which would attract investment capital from developed and developing countries in a position to invest from their own resources on the basis of guarantees and the collateral of stocks and reasonable rates of return. The international financing institutions might also provide funds either directly or through long-term loans on reasonable terms to participating countries. The agency or fund could organize stocking arrangements and market interventions in accordance with agreed criteria of operations provided in its constitution

(၁)

(d)

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and/or provide finance for individual buffer stock schemes and market interventions of producing countries or producing and consuming countries.

The substantial improvement of the facility for compensatory financing of export fluctuations so that the commodity

export earnings of developing countries in real terms are
stabilized, the period of repayments of loans extended, the
ceiling on drawings eliminated and the terms on which loans
are granted generally liberalized.

A round of negotiations on international commodity
arrangements including multilateral contracts and other
techniques of market regulation to restructure the world
market for raw materials and primary commodities, taking
into account the need to maintain the commodity export
prices received by developing countries in terms of the
prices they have to pay for their imports, the interests
of developing importing countries, and the need to provide
exporting countries with sure outlets for their export
supplies and importing countries with security of supplies.