Not that Professor Ellwood has pretended to offer a comprehensive treatment of sociology as applied to modern social problems, but the work is offered as a textbook and by that criterion it is to be judged. As to positive valuation, much may be said in the way of appreciation. The book is the best that has yet appeared in the realm of practical sociology. Substantially the same general outline is followed in the discussion of each problem. The syllabus of the chapter on "Poverty and Pauperism" will serve as an illustration of the general method of treatment: 1. Definitions of Poverty and Pauperism. 2. The Extent of Poverty and Pauperism in the United States. 3. The Genesis of the Depressed Classes. 4. Concrete Causes of Poverty. (1) Objective Causes of Poverty. (2) Economic Causes. (3) The Subjective Causes of Poverty. (4) Pauperism and Degeneracy. (5) The Influences of Heredity upon Pauperism. 5. Proposed Remedies for Poverty and Pauperism. (1) Public and Private Outdoor Relief. (2) State Charitable Institutions. (3) Dependent Children. (4) Public and Private Charity. (5) Preventive Agencies. The author's wide acquaintance with the best literature on the themes, supplemented by personal investigation and critical observation, has enabled him to treat them in a constructive manner. At the end of each chapter is appended a double list of select references: "For Brief Reading" and "For More Extended Reading." These references taken together constitute an extended and valuable bibliography in practical sociology. The sanity of the author's conclusions in reference to social problems is emphasized by his insistence upon a plurality of causes in every instance. A good illustration may be cited from the chapter on "Socialism in the Light of Sociology": Let us bring the discussion down to more concrete terms. The student has seen that in every social problem there are a multitude of factors or stimuli (causes) at work, and that in no problem is the economic factor so all important that it may be said that other factors are simply subsidiary. On the contrary, in such a problem as crime the methods of production and the distribution of material goods, while important factors in the problem of crime, in no way determine that problem; and ideal conditions in the production and distribution of wealth would in no way solve the problem of crime. So, too, the negro problem is hardly touched by the question of the forms of industry or the economic organization of society. We might go on with a whole list of social problems and show that in every case the economic factor is no more important than many other factors, and that the economic reorganization of society would in some cases scarcely affect these problems at all. The social problem, therefore-the problem of the relations of men to one another-is not simply nor fundamentally an economic problem; rather it is fundamentally a biological and psychological problemif you please, a moral problem. The book is clear, concise, and, above all, readable, and we predict for it a useful service in the sphere for which it is intended. J. P. LICHTENBERGER UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Liberty and Progress. By C. Y. C. DAWBARN, M.A. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1910. Pp. xiii+339. Mr. Dawbarn's title seems like an echo of Lecky's for the latter's two volumes on Democracy and Liberty; but his work is not comparable with Lecky's. Its scope is much narrower, as its main subject is the relations of employer and employed. On this matter and various kindred subjects, Mr. Dawbarn's opinions are those of a very conservative mind much given to admiration of Jeremy Bentham, "the father of modern thought and liberty." To Mr. Dawbarn it has "seemed sacrilege to give his views in any words but his own," and he therefore gives many quotations from the one prophet. The reader will not object to this proceeding, as there is the greatest possible contrast between Bentham's lively exaggerated style and the rather commonplace balancing of arguments which characterizes Mr. Dawbarn. He appears to be a gentleman of leisure who unfortunately has means to print his ideas, however pointless most of them may be. He advises his readers that he refers mainly, besides to Bentham, to Fawcett's textbook of political economy, and to that by "Mr. Walker of Massachusetts." He cheers our souls by informing us that "both can be obtained at a moderate cost, and those anxious to go farther into the subject will find them equally instructive and entertaining reading." We ungratefully reply, "Why was so much money spent upon this excellent paper and binding rather than upon the distribution of free copies of the textbook of Mr. Walker of Massachusetts?" N. P. GILMAN MEADVILLE, PA. BOOK NOTICES Preventive Agencies and Methods. By CHARLES R. HENDERSON. 440 pages. Penal and Reformatory Institutions. By Sixteen Leading Authorities. Illustrated. 346 pages. Habitations à bon marché et caisses d'épargne. Par HENRY CLÉMENT. Pp. 63. Paris: Bloud et Cie, 1911. Le socialisme et la concentration industrielle. Par Hubert Bourgné. Paris: Marcel Rivière et Cie, 1911. Pp. 88. L'habitation ouvrière et à bon marché. Par LUCIEN FERRAND, membre du conseil supérieur des habitations à bon marché. Paris: J. Gabalda et Cie, 1911. Pp. 210. Fr. 2. Price Correction and Prevention. Four volumes, prepared for the Eighth International Prison Congress. Edited by CHARLES R. HENDERSON. per set, $10; per volume, $2.50. Prison Reform. By CHARLES R. HENDERSON, F. B. SANBORN, F. H. WINES, AND OTHERS. And Criminal Law in the United States. By EUGENE SMITH. Illustrated. 320 pages. Les fondements énergétiques de la science de la civilisation. Par WILHELM OSTWALD. Traduit de l'allemand par E. PHILLIPPI. Bibliothèque sociologique internationale. Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière, 1910. Pp. 147. Preventive Treatment of Neglected Children. By HASTINGS H. HART. Illustrated. 420 pages. (Russell Sage Foundation Publications.) Each of these volumes will be noticed later in this Journal. L'idée d'une science du droit universel comparé. Par M. GIORGIO DEL VECCHIO, Professeur à l'Université de Messine. Traduction de M. RENÉ FRANCEZ. Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1910. Les manuscrits économiques de François Quesnay et du Marquis de Mirabeau aux archives nationales (M. 778 à M. 785). Inventaire. Extraits et Notes. Par GEORGES WENLERSSE. Pp. 150. Paris: Librairie Paul Geuthner, 1910. La solidarité sociale dans le temps et dans l'espace. Annals de l'Institut International de Sociologie. Tome XII, contenant les travaux du Sep tième Congrès, tenu à Berne en Juillet, 1909. Pp. 324. Tome XIII, La solidarité sociale, ses formes, son principe, ses limites. Pp. 326. Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière, 1911. Le sabotage. Par EMILE POUGET. Bibliothèque du Mouvement Prolétarien, XIII. Paris: Marcel Rivière et Ciè. Pp. 68. If one wishes to learn the gospel of "soldiering on the job," it will be found very frankly argued in this monograph. Workmen's Insurance and Compensation Systems in Europe. Twenty-fourth annual report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1909. Vol. I, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany. Pp. xv+1493. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911. Some Nativity and Race Factors in Rhode Island. Reprint from the Annual Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage-Earners in the United States. In nineteen volumes. Prepared under the direction of CHARLES .P. NEILL, Commissioner of Labor. Vol. II, Men's Ready-made Clothing; pp. 878. Vol. III, Glass Industry; pp. 970. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911. American Labor Legislation Review. Vol. I, No. 1; pp. 144. $1.00. ($3.00 per year.) Issued quarterly by the American Association of Labor Legislation, Madison Avenue, New York City. With this number of the Society's publications (No. 12) a new journal enters the field. This initial number contains the proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the society. A History of California Labor Legislation. With an Introductory Sketch of the San Francisco Labor Movement. (University of California Publications in Economics, Vol. II.) By LuCILE EAVES. Berkeley: The University Press, 1911. Pp. xiv+461. If we are too much in and of the labor movement to be final judges of its meaning, our generation is certainly deserving the gratitude of future historians by its work in compiling sourcebooks for later generations to interpret. This volume will be among the most valuable bodies of material for that purpose. The Modern Criminal Science Series. Published under the auspices of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. I, Modern Theories of Criminality. By C. BERNALDO DE QUIRÓS. Translated from the Spanish by ALFONSO DE SALVIO, with an introduction by WM. W. SMITHERS, ESQ. Pp. xxvii+249. Vol. II, Criminal Psychology. By HANS GROSS, J.U.D., Professor of Criminal Law at the University of Graz, Austria. Translated from the fourth German edition by HORACE M. KALLEN. With an introduction by JOSEPH JASTROW. Pp. xx+514. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1910. To be reviewed later. An What Social Workers Should Know about Their Own Communities. outline. By MARGARET F. BYINGTON, Associate Field Secretary of the Charity Organization Department of the Russell Sage Foundation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 105 East Twenty-second Street, 1911. Pp. 32. This essay might be described as a set of blanks for a social survey of any community. Every social worker who is not convinced that he has a superior system of categories should obtain a copy of the pamphlet. Efforts for Social Betterment among Negro Americans. A Social Study Made by Atlanta University under the Patronage of the Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund. By W. E. BURGHARDT DUBOIS (Editor). Atlanta University Publications, No. 14, 1009. Pp. 136. $0.75. This publication is the result of the second investigation of the efforts of the Negroes for their own social betterment. It is a descriptive and statistical account of their schools, churches, general charity, social settlements, day nurseries, orphanages, hospitals, kindergartens, old folks' homes, women's clubs, social and art clubs, literature and newspapers, civic reform, etc. There is no consistent selection of topics of study, and the results purport to be only representative, not exhaustive. The publication will be valuable for comparison with the study on the same subject in 1899, to show concretely the progress that the Negroes have made in this direction. E. H. S. Social Adjustment. By SCOTT NEARING. New York: Macmillan. Pp. xvi+ 377. $1.50 net. The author attempts to correct three popular beliefs: first, "that things are sacred because they are old, or dangerous because they are new"; second, "that the submerged class wants to be submerged"; third, "that the submerged class is poverty stricken because it is degenerate." The book attempts to displace these beliefs by arguing the following propositions: (1) Maladjustment exists in numerous virulent forms in many parts of the United States; (2) Maladjustment is (a) due to economic causes, (b) involving social cost, and (c) remediable through social action; (3) Maladjustment can be, and in many instances is being, eliminated by efficient education plus wise remedial legislation; (4) The vast majority of children are born normal and are made abnormal, degenerate, and diseased by their defective environment; (5) Recent investigations demonstrate that the proportion of genius, mediocrity, and defect does not vary materially from one class to another, and hence all are capable of the same uplift; (6) Progress is impossible so long as society maintains the fatalistic viewpoint which condemns men because of the sins of the fathers and is blind to the transgressions of the brothers; (7) Maladjustment will be eliminated and adjustment secured through promulgation of the new view of the universality of human capacity, the remediability of maladjustment, and the advantages of universalized opportunity. |