some respects-they are such a far-off contingency that it is more practical to consider proposals which can be put into operation more quickly. The endowed newspaper, as an adequate solution of the problem, is at present as impracticable as the public-owned newspaper. It would moreover be but a partial relief, so long as private-owned newspapers were in the field. (4) Therefore it is important to consider methods possible at present. (a) We need new and adequately enforced laws defining strictly the power of newspapers to deal with news, laws analogous to those already in operation in regard to the use of the mails, billboards, etc. Such laws would, as a matter of fact, in many cases be mere formulations of practices already in vogue. Courts both in the United States and England have already shown their power to restrain newspapers from, or to punish them for, detailing certain types of anti-social facts. (b) Judges should recognize in their decisions the facts already known regarding anti-social suggestion. (c) Public opinion needs to be educated to secure support for constructive legislation along this line and to support such laws as we have or as may be made. (d) Further investigation of the relation of newspaper suggestion and other suggestion to crime and other anti-social activity should be made, and public officials, such as probation officers, juvenile court judges and other judges, superintendents of institutions, etc., should be encouraged and required to keep records of cases of such connection. In this way a better basis for activity regarding the newspapers could be established. RECENT LITERATURE NOTES AND ABSTRACTS Führer und Masse.-Democratic suspicion of leaders in general, as implying a superior political intelligence of the masses, rests on two false premises: (1) that membership in an organization guarantees ability to decide all questions touching the purpose of the whole, and (2) that what concerns all should be decided by all. Both socialism and trade-unionism in Germany are opposed to these principles. While the second principle of primitive democracy above mentioned finds more general application in trade-union practice, the Webbs have pointed out the logic of the growing restriction of the initiative and the referendum. The inherent contradiction between a leader's equipment for his administrative and financial duties and his ability to interpret the common worker's feelings, whose representative he is, has been solved in England by the parliamentary program of the unions, in which the masses surrender their right of giving immediate expression of their will. Not they but their representatives decide about what concerns all. The delegate becomes a specialist and as such, not as a passive instrument, he represents his constituents.-Ludwig Quessel, Sozialist. Monatshefte, October 27, 1910. P. W. Kartell und Arbeitsvertrag.-Some leading representatives of the trusts squarely refuse to deal with labor collectively. This extreme position is insupportable in the long run, because labor disputes not only injure the parties immediately concerned but jeopardize the national welfare. For the instrument of peace, we are forced to look to collective bargaining between organized groups of employers and employees. The opposition to the labor contract on the ground of its "minimum wage" and "restriction of output" features and on account of the abridgment of individual liberty it entails, must give way to the perception that the combination of employers' and employees' organizations on the basis of wage agreements cannot but produce benefits for both and for all: the economic elevation of the proletariat by means of a certain and minimum wage, the prevention of undercutting by competing producers, the increase of the wage-earners' purchasing power, the reduction of the risks of unnecessary interruption of production, standardization of prices, etc.-Dr. Otto Utsch, Kartell Rdsch., October, 1910. P. W. Zur Kenntnis der Psyche des jugendlichen Verbrechers.-Innate unsocial tendencies are falsely attributed to the child. It is rather the qualities predisposing the child in the general direction of crime, that are innate, viz., violent impulsiveness of temper with underdeveloped inhibition, strong emotional tendencies not yet controlled, a normally high suggestibility without the power of selecting between stimuli, physiological or pathological mental defects that prevent him from clearly distinguishing between good and evil. Besides these organic factors the kind and degree of educational influences play an important part in juvenile delinquency. The favorable occasion, or temptation, is a far stronger stimulus to crime in the case of the juvenile than in that of the adult, since the power of inhibition is so much weaker in proportion to his appetites. Deliberate crimes are for this reason foreign to the young offender and are practically excluded in the case of girls.-Helene F. Stelzner, Zeitschrift f. Jugendwohlfahrt, September, 1910. P. W. Das Problem der sozialen Reformen in Indien.-The immense pariah population furnishes the breeding-ground for all the misery and disease of the empire. It is the very constitution of Indian society with its aristocratic stratification of castes and its principle of selection on the basis of strict occupational heredity, that has decreed for the out-caste the lowest possible standard of life. The degradation of the masses is freely accepted as the divinely ordained order. The social question in India, therefore, is in last analysis a religious question. It has three main social roots, viz., the caste system, child marriage, and pariah degeneration, the first being central to the whole. Three indigenous schools of reformers are endeavoring to overthrow this rigid caste system or to reconcile it with a powerful democratic trend that is imperceptibly undermining the moral foundations of the old order.-Dr. von Mackay, Zeitschrift f. Sozialwissenschaft, October, 1910. P. W. Burg- und Haftpflicht im Chinesischen Volksleben.-An essential trait in Chinese character is the individual's marked adaptability to his fellows and to the mores of his people. The Chinese state is a replica of the Chinese family, both being founded on respect toward parents. The latter is patriarchal in structure and incomparably more compact than the western type. For several generations no separation occurs. The family is, like all patriarchal families, an economic unit, all wealth being owned and used in common. As a logical corollary, legal responsibility fixes upon the family instead of the individual. The family is liable to the full extent of the law for the offense of any of its members. The law vigorously suppresses all dangerous variation. It punishes disobedience with terrible ostracism. The system of bond given by the family or by a business firm places all liability for the good behavior of an employee upon his surety. The ignoring of this custom by Europeans in dealing with Chinese labor has led to growing moral evils.-Dr. R. v. Budberg, Globus, November 10, 1910. P. W. Movement for International Legislation.-Two views conflict: the principle of the Brotherhood of Man and that of Nationalism. Involved with these are the theories of foreign competition-tending to check labor legislation that cannot be made general-and of free trade. The theories of internationalism are much confused; and practical interpretations of such legislation as has been passed throw little light on the subject. International convictions seem necessary, chiefly as a safeguard. In so far as the question is one of employer against employee, international federation seems necessary; but in so far as it is actual wage-earning within a country, there is a tendency for exclusion on national lines. But "there is a growing popular feeling that after a certain point social advance must be by means of international regulation."-D. S. Potter, Economic Journal, September, 1910. A. D. The Modern Press and Its Public.-The modern press contrasted with the older journalism which was actually an "organ of thought," aims at the satisfaction of popular demands. Its psychology is the psychology of the people, while at the same time it helps to form the shock-craving mentality of its readers. There are many attendant dangers; but after all, the popular dailies, with their world-wide interests, tend to achieve a "measure of unity for mankind.” Unprejudiced, with well-informed reporting, their columns open to all kinds of opinion, they may become a "forum of democracy."-H. W. Massingham, Contemporary Review, October, 1910. A. D. Division of Labor and the Ballot.-The conservative cannot insist upon "division of labor between the sexes" without insisting also upon suffrage for women. Politics and law affect every department of women's activity from industrial business to home-making business. In the home, women are business managers, profoundly affected by tariff, industrial combinations, railway rates, good food laws, sanitary regulations. To deny woman the ballot is "putting upon man political obligation not connected with his business of earning moneycapital for the home, or denying the home, political opportunity to secure law and administration favorable to its interests."-R. V. Phelan, Westminster Review, October, 1910. A. D., Middle Classes and Social Progress.-The renegade middle classes form a great obstacle to social progress. They are thoroughly selfish and have neither intelligence nor desire for any movement toward the common good; they are smug imitators, without thought unless they are hit by financial or social misfortune. The working-classes, on the other hand, are developing a class-consciousness which sets ideals in art, music, science and literature far higher than those held by the middle classes. The working-class feeling is really national.-R. G. Davis, Westminster Review, October, 1910. A. D. The Control of Immigration as an Administration Problem. We have been thoroughly unscientific in our dealing with immigration. Statistical information as to departure of aliens, illiteracy, classification of races (notably "Slavic") has been needlessly defective; government investigations have been spasmodic and superficial; and private investigation, similarly, has been inadequate. Some progress is being made along these lines; but immigration still needs more attention in intellectual and social centers. Primarily, there should be a permanent federal commission of experts devoted to the scientific investigation of all phases of immigration. Ultimately there will be international co-operation.— Paul S. Pierce, American Political Science Quarterly, October, 1910. A. D. Sur quelques erreurs de méthode en criminologie.—One set of errors have their primary cause in the psycho-social sentiments which are rendered useless by a-priori views based on a popular belief in the efficacy of voluntary effort, in free will, in moral responsibility, and in other conceptions that are tied up with public prosecution of crime and application of punishment. This class of errors may be offset by a scientific research to determine under what conditions the cerebral activities function normally and, in particular, to find out what are the somatic defects (tares) which can reveal those mental defects that often are so difficult to observe directly. Another set of errors are of a theoretical order and constitute some simple digressions from principles which may be better established by the experimental method.-G. Papillault, Revue L'Ecole D'Anthropologie, October, 1910. E. S. B. A Federal Department of Health.-The proposed federal department of health has been attacked as a "medical trust" by various organizations. But claim has been made that the opponents of the Owen bill are interested in the production of patent medicines, and it is certain that the most vociferous opponents of the bill are "doctors" and "healers" not thoroughly trained for the practice of medicine. It is precisely such departments (as the proposed one) that have made possible in France and Germany the work of Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich and Behring. Adolph Knopf, Popular Science Monthly, October, 1910. A. D. Le rôle et les limites de la science sociale.-Social science has for its object the necessary relations of cause and effect which rule the social groups (even temporarily). This excludes individual action except in so far as it is related to group action. The laws of society are relative to particular circumstances and are often only hypotheses, provisionally stated. We delegate the application of exact science to specialists, but manage our own social affairs. Social science can show the good resulting from an effort; metaphysical and religious convictions determine the aim and direction of effort. The result is social, the motive is moral. In the pure science only causality is postulated; in practical work, some more definite view of life is taken.-P. de Rausiers, La science sociale, August-September, 1910. D. I. P. The Classification of Criminals.-In order to deal scientifically with the problem of crime, it is necessary to recognize three distinct types within the criminal class: (1) the instinctive, or mentally defective; (2) the habitual, or professional; and (3) the single, or occasional offender. Corresponding to the three types, there are three different sets of causes at work in producing crime: (1) the biological, affecting the hereditary equipment of the individual; (2) the social, influencing his social training and adjustment; and (3) the individualpsychological, acting upon the person's moral decisions momentarily. These sets of causes indicate three different ways by which crime may be controlled, if not eradicated.-Charles A. Ellwood, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, November, 1910. E. S. B. Some Recent Advances in Sociology.-Advance in sociology has not been confined to the elimination of old problems, to the foundation of societies and journals, to the development of a synthetic tendency in theory and to the attainment of a greater recognition among the sciences; but the related data appear to show, also, that sociologists are beginning to investigate the problems of their science, instead of confining their discussions to its fundamental concepts or to its scope and its methods.-Alvan A. Tenney, Political Science Quarterly, September, 1910. E. S. B. Present Tendencies of Class Differentiation.-The class structure of English society has within the last century, undergone alterations due (1) to the results of economic development, and (2) to the movement toward democracy. These alterations are (a) the destruction of the old basis (that of family) of determining class; (b) alteration of the old class grouping according to three divisions, namely, the laboring, the shopkeeping, and the gentry class; (c) the change in normal environment (from rural to urban districts). The present class structure is based upon the different standards of life, while the economic ability of the individual tends to become the factor which determines class.-F. G. d'Aeth, Sociological Review, October, 1910. E. S. B. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Allard, P. Los esclaros cristianos. Politics and Life. New York: Dodd, Baumgarten, A. Strafrecht u.. Volksempfinden. Vortrag. Berlin: Vahlen, '09. Pp. 38. Berthod, A. P. J. Proudhon et la propriété. Un socialisme pour les paysans. Paris: Giard et Brière, '10. Pp. 18+ 237. Fr. 3. Blease, W. Lyon. The Emancipation of English Women. London: Constable. Pp. 294. 6s. Böttger, H. Die Industrie und der Staat. Tübingen: J. C. Mohr, '10. Bouffard, F. Les pensions de vieillesse en Angleterre. (Thèse de la Faculté Broda, R. u. Deutsch, J. Das moderne Brooks, J. C. Corruption in American Mead. Pp. xv+309. $1.25. Brouilhet, C. Le conflit des doctrines dans l'économie politique contemporaine. I vol., 12mo. Paris: Alcan, 10. Pp. 306. Fr. 3.50. Bulletin 108, Mortality Statistics: 1909. Washington: U.S. Government. Caillot, A. C. Eugène. Les Polynesiens Orientaux au Contact de la Civilization. Paris, '09. Co-operative Congress. Report of Fortysecond Annual Co-operative Congress. Co-op. Printing Soc. Pp. 685. Corin, James. Mating, Marriage, and the Status of Women. W. Scott. Pp. 194. 2s. 6d. Cunningham, W. Christianity and Social Questions. New York: Scribner. Pp. 15+232. 75 cents. D'Eau, Arthur D. The Worker and the State. New York: Century. Pp. 19+355. $1.20. Dautremer, J. L'empire japonais et sa de Lestrade, Combes. La vie inter- Etude historique et critique de la loi |