the clinical studies which cannot furnish reliable generalizations. The problem is to discover how far tendencies to tuberculosis and insanity are inherited. The population of prisons is taken because it represents a random selection and because it can be studied under conditions which can be fairly well controlled. The method of investigation and calculation deserves attention. Only certain provisional conclusions of the author can be presented.

Tubercular diathesis is inherited and at the same rate as all other physical characters in man. The prevalence of tuberculosis in the population lies between 8 per cent and 10 per cent. In the class dealt with there is no evidence of marital infection, and the incidence of phthisis in both husband and wife may be due to assortative mating. There is no definite evidence that the correlation between parents and offspring is greater in the poorer classes. The importance of the hereditary factor as opposed to direct contagion is supported by the facts (1) that the prevalence of phthisis among children of infected mothers is not appreciably greater than it is among children of infected fathers; (2) that the prevalence of phthisis among workers exposed to constant infection in a consumption hospital has been found to be not significantly greater than among individuals with the same degree of diathesis in the general population. The insane diathesis is certainly inherited.

C. R. HENDERSON

Social Insurance, a Program of Social Reform. By HENRY ROGERS SEAGER. New York: Macmillan, 1910. Pp. 175. $1.00.

Professor Seager has presented in readable style the essential points of the argument for social insurance: the theoretical basis. in ethical considerations, the economic interest, and the practicability of tested systems. Much of the volume is devoted to summarizing well-known materials; but the critical examination of the American old-age-pension schemes, of the English compensation law, of methods of unemployment insurance, of sickness insurance deserve special attention. The book is an excellent introduction to the whole theory of social legislation, is sane and adapted to the general understanding.

C. R. HENDERSON

Genesis, a Manual for the Instruction of Children in Matters Sexual. By B. S. TALMEY, M.D. New York: The Practitioners' Publishing Co., 1910. Pp. 194. $1.50.

Assuming that the medical statements are sound, since the author has had the experience of a specialist in gynecology and pediatrics, we call special attention to the fact that within the compass of one hundred and twenty pages we have graded lessons containing all that any intelligent parent needs to know on the subject. A series of graded lessons is much needed, in which the "apperceptive mass" of infancy and early childhood, middle childhood, later childhood, approach to puberty, early adolescence, and middle adolescence, is made the standard for the materials to be presented. This task seems to be well done, and any adult, if otherwise competent, may be in position to give wise and safe counsel and direction to young persons on this vital subject. It is a pity that it is still necessary to give up about fifty pages to prove that children have a right to know from their responsible elders the most vital facts of existence.

C. R. HENDERSON

Salaire et droit à l'existence.

Par J. A. RYAN, traduit par LAZARE COLLIN. Paris: V. Giard et E. Brière, 1910. Pp. 47+355. Fr. 8.

American students already know the work of their Catholic colleague under the title of The Living Wage; the historical preface of Professor Brocard, of Nancy, introduces it to French readers and indicates the position of the author in the ranks of the social students of the ancient church. Ashley has insisted that the mediaeval doctrine of "fair price" is not unreasonable or obsolete; Professor Ryan employs it for a practical purpose and demands a readjustment of ideas which will place human beings before property and profits. He is not of that school of economists, increasingly rare, who believe that the supreme power of the universe is jealous of human intervention to raise wages, prevent starvation, and abolish disease.

C. R. HENDERSON

The Transition in Virginia from Colony to Commonwealth. By CHARLES RAMsdell Lingley, PH.D. [Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law. Vol. XXXVI, No. 2.] New York: Columbia University (Longmans, Green & Co., agents), 1910. Pp. 218. $1.50.

Mr. Lingley has consulted all available sources and has shown. good judgment and historical insight. He is not bound fast by any theory of the Revolution in Virginia; but the bulk of his evidence supports the older view that the movement was popular and was supported by an almost solid public opinion. This is opposed to the results of the work of Van Tyne and others in the same field. This question is not, however, so important in the study of the transition in Virginia, as the other, sometimes raised, Why did the aristocratic families of Virginia lend any countenance to a movement which must have foreboded ruin to them? Why did George Mason or the Lees support Patrick Henry in his "mad course"? But Mr. Lingley's thesis does not throw any light upon this subject.

Another point on which new light is much desired is the character of the party which supported Henry and Jefferson and what were the reasons for their support. There must have been sharply defined party alignments in Virginia in 1776. We do not get much assistance in this book on this subject though there was some chance for such an investigation in the chapters which treat of the constitution of 1776 and the revision of the laws.

WM. E. DODD

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

The Future of Trade-Unionism and Capitalism in a Democracy. By CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D. New York: Putnam, 1910. Pp. 128. $1.00.

This is the publication of two lectures delivered by ex-President Eliot, on the Larwell foundation at Kenyon College. They are characterized by courage and constructive vision, and by some might be thought visionary because of their readiness to overlap existing conditions in pursuit of a better goal. They contain wise and sane suggestions of changes that ought to be brought

about, from which even those may profit who dissent from some of the main contentions.

The central idea is that monopoly is abhorrent to democracy, and that both labor unions and employers' unions are at present striving for monopoly. Both parties have created combinations too strong to be dealt with successfully by any power but that of government, and "what democracy asks of its government is that it regulate inevitable monopolies and prevent any others. Government should allow great corporate combinations only on condition that they submit to publicity, and publicity would be alike advantageous to both capitalists and unionists and also to the public, removing most of the grounds of misunderstanding and conflict, and providing the condition for regularity and stability in both employment and profits.

The monopolistic practices of trade-unions in limiting apprentices, opposing trade education, limiting output, and reducing laborers to a non-competing dead level in their work and their wages are short-sighted as well as wrong, as are also the boycott, and the sympathetic strike.

It is the duty of the unions to allow it, and of the employers to see to it, that experience, fidelity, and efficiency secure for the individual laborer progressively increasing wages and respect from his fellow-men. It would be to the advantage of the employer to take the representatives of the laborers into council in the formulation of shop rules, and both profit and humanity demand that the rules should be such as to secure excellent sanitation, the greatest feasible protection to life and limb, and full provision for hearing complaints and grievances. It is the duty of the captains of industry and organizers of economic opportunity to provide that the ordinary wage-earner be better off at forty than at twenty-one, and have the opportunity gradually to provide for old age or disaster. Toward this provision contributions from the profit-taker are properly due. There should be neither charity nor patronage on the one side nor hostility on the other, but a spirit of frankness and co-operation on either side is the essential condition of the highest advantage of employers, of laborers, and of the public.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

E. C. HAYES

BOOK NOTICES

Hygiene and Morality. By LAVINIA L. DOCK, N.N. New York: Putnam, 1910. Pp. v+200. $1.25.

This work discusses the venereal diseases, the control of prostitution, and the prevention of venereal diseases. The policy advocated is "abolition" and, as its condition, woman suffrage. The program for immediate practical action is not fully worked out, and some of the difficulties are not faced; but the essential principles of sane dealing with the subject are sound and are sustained by first-rate medical authority. The bibliographies, while by no means complete, are very useful. The experience of the author as a trained nurse gives a note of primary authority to her earnest and noble appeal. C. R. HENDERSON

History of the Great American Fortunes. By GUSTAVUS MYERS. Chicago: Chas. H. Kerr & Co., 1910. 3 vols. Pp. 296+368+413. $1.50 each.

The first volume deals with conditions in settlement and colonial times and with the great land fortunes. Volumes I and II have to do with the great railroad fortunes. The narrative is written from the standpoint of the socialist bias and is frequently interrupted by mere surmise and assumption. However, there are many facts here not easily obtainable elsewhere, and the book as a whole represents a welcome divergence from the orthodox method of treating great fortunes. It is a very crude attempt in the proper direction. L. L. B.

Oriental Crime. By H. L. ADAM. London: T. Werner Laurie. Pp. xv+383. $3.

This is a melodramatic, rather than a scientific, account of the people, the crimes, the prisons, and the colony system of India. The description of the colony in the Andaman Islands, to which the Indian criminals sentenced for long terms are sent, is good material for criminology. It contains an account of the savings-banks, the system of self-support, and sanitation in the colony. The author shows great admiration for the superior proficiency, cunning, and daring of the oriental criminal. The book will be dangerous for popular reading on that account.

E. H. S.

Euthenics, the Science of Controllable Environment. By MRS. ELLEN H. RICHARDS. Whitcomb and Barrows, 1910. Pp. 162.

The science of eugenics deals with hereditary influences, euthenics with environment and education. While this little volume has many valuable suggestions for the direction of public action the most helpful part of it, perhaps, is the table of analysis of agencies and methods of promoting public health, an excellent outline for study and for presentation to a general audience. C. R. HENDERSON

A Practical Program of Procedural Reform. By ROSCOE POUND. Being the subject for discussion at the annual meeting of the Illinois Bar Association at Hotel La Salle, June 23, 1910. Pp. 32.

This is an admirably concise and illuminating discussion of a much-needed reform. The point of view of Professor Pound is clearly stated in the follow